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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>🐍 Python Cheat Sheet – CST1510</title>
<style>
* { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
body { font-family: 'Segoe UI', Calibri, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; color: #1e293b; background: #f8fafc; }
.page { max-width: 960px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 24px 20px; }
h1 { color: #1e3a8a; font-size: 26px; border-bottom: 3px solid #2563eb; padding-bottom: 8px; margin-bottom: 4px; }
.subtitle { color: #64748b; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 20px; }
h2 { color: #2563eb; font-size: 17px; margin: 28px 0 10px; border-left: 4px solid #2563eb; padding-left: 10px; }
h3 { color: #7c3aed; font-size: 14px; margin: 16px 0 6px; }
h4 { color: #059669; font-size: 13px; margin: 12px 0 4px; }
p, li { font-size: 13px; }
code {
background: #f1f5f9; padding: 2px 6px; border-radius: 4px;
font-family: Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; font-size: 12px; color: #be185d;
}
pre {
background: #0f172a; color: #e2e8f0; padding: 12px 16px;
border-radius: 8px; font-family: Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace;
font-size: 12px; overflow-x: auto; line-height: 1.6; margin: 8px 0 14px;
}
.kw { color: #c084fc; font-weight: bold; }
.str { color: #86efac; }
.com { color: #94a3b8; font-style: italic; }
.num { color: #fbbf24; }
.fn { color: #60a5fa; }
/* Two-column layout for cheat sheet */
.cols { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 14px; margin-bottom: 10px; }
@media (max-width: 640px) { .cols { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }
.card {
background: #fff; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius: 8px; padding: 12px 14px;
}
.card h3 { margin-top: 0; }
/* Tables */
table { border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; margin: 8px 0 16px; font-size: 12.5px; }
th, td { border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; padding: 7px 10px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; }
th { background: #e2e8f0; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; }
tr:nth-child(even) td { background: #f8fafc; }
/* Exercise tables */
.ex-table td:first-child { width: 40px; text-align: center; font-weight: 600; color: #475569; }
.ex-table td:last-child { width: 60px; text-align: center; }
.ex-table a { color: #2563eb; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: none; padding: 2px 8px; background: #eff6ff; border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid #bfdbfe; }
.ex-table a:hover { background: #dbeafe; }
/* Badges */
.badge {
display: inline-block; font-size: 11px; font-weight: 600; padding: 2px 8px;
border-radius: 12px; margin-right: 4px; vertical-align: middle;
}
.b-thresh { background: #dcfce7; color: #166534; }
.b-typ { background: #fef9c3; color: #854d0e; }
.b-exc { background: #fce7f3; color: #9d174d; }
.tip {
background: #fef3c7; border-left: 4px solid #f59e0b;
padding: 10px 14px; border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0; font-size: 13px; margin: 14px 0;
}
.info {
background: #eff6ff; border-left: 4px solid #2563eb;
padding: 10px 14px; border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0; font-size: 13px; margin: 14px 0;
}
.divider { border: none; border-top: 1px dashed #cbd5e1; margin: 24px 0; }
.week-header {
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a8a, #2563eb);
color: #fff; padding: 8px 16px; border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700;
}
.week-block { border: 1px solid #bfdbfe; border-radius: 0 0 8px 8px; margin-bottom: 18px; }
.week-inner { padding: 0 14px 12px; }
footer { margin-top: 30px; font-size: 11px; color: #94a3b8; text-align: center; padding-top: 12px; border-top: 1px solid #e2e8f0; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="page">
<h1>🐍 Python Cheat Sheet</h1>
<p class="subtitle">CST1510 – Programming for Data Communication & Networks | Quick Reference + Practice Exercises</p>
<!-- ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════ -->
<h2>Module 1 – Getting Started</h2>
<div class="cols">
<div class="card">
<h3>Variables & Types</h3>
<pre><span class="com"># Basic types</span>
name = <span class="str">"Alice"</span> <span class="com"># str</span>
age = <span class="num">30</span> <span class="com"># int</span>
gpa = <span class="num">3.75</span> <span class="com"># float</span>
ok = <span class="kw">True</span> <span class="com"># bool</span>
x = <span class="kw">None</span> <span class="com"># NoneType</span>
<span class="com"># Type conversion</span>
<span class="fn">int</span>(<span class="str">"5"</span>) <span class="com"># 5</span>
<span class="fn">float</span>(<span class="str">"3.2"</span>) <span class="com"># 3.2</span>
<span class="fn">str</span>(<span class="num">99</span>) <span class="com"># "99"</span></pre>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h3>Input / Output</h3>
<pre><span class="com"># Input (always returns str)</span>
name = <span class="fn">input</span>(<span class="str">"Your name: "</span>)
age = <span class="fn">int</span>(<span class="fn">input</span>(<span class="str">"Age: "</span>))
<span class="com"># Print & f-strings</span>
<span class="fn">print</span>(<span class="str">f"Hi {name}, age {age}"</span>)
<span class="fn">print</span>(<span class="str">f"{3.14159:.2f}"</span>) <span class="com"># 3.14</span>
<span class="com"># Escape characters</span>
<span class="str">\n</span> <span class="com"># newline</span>
<span class="str">\t</span> <span class="com"># tab</span>
<span class="str">\\</span> <span class="com"># backslash</span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cols">
<div class="card">
<h3>Math & Operators</h3>
<pre>+ - * / <span class="com"># basic</span>
** <span class="com"># power: 2**3 = 8</span>
// <span class="com"># floor div: 7//2 = 3</span>
% <span class="com"># modulo: 7%2 = 1</span>
<span class="com"># math module</span>
<span class="kw">import</span> math
math.sqrt(<span class="num">16</span>) <span class="com"># 4.0</span>
math.pi <span class="com"># 3.14159…</span>
math.tan(x)
math.radians(<span class="num">90</span>) <span class="com"># degrees → rad</span></pre>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h3>Useful Built-ins</h3>
<pre><span class="fn">len</span>(x) <span class="com"># length</span>
<span class="fn">abs</span>(-5) <span class="com"># 5</span>
<span class="fn">round</span>(<span class="num">3.567</span>, <span class="num">2</span>) <span class="com"># 3.57</span>
<span class="fn">min</span>(a, b) <span class="fn">max</span>(a, b)
<span class="fn">sum</span>([<span class="num">1</span>,<span class="num">2</span>,<span class="num">3</span>]) <span class="com"># 6</span>
<span class="fn">range</span>(<span class="num">5</span>) <span class="com"># 0,1,2,3,4</span>
<span class="fn">range</span>(<span class="num">1</span>,<span class="num">6</span>) <span class="com"># 1,2,3,4,5</span>
<span class="fn">type</span>(x) <span class="com"># check type</span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════ -->
<h2>Module 2 – Core Data Types</h2>
<div class="cols">
<div class="card">
<h3>Strings</h3>
<pre>s = <span class="str">"Python"</span>
s[<span class="num">0</span>] <span class="com"># 'P'</span>
s[<span class="num">1</span>:<span class="num">4</span>] <span class="com"># 'yth'</span>
s.lower() <span class="com"># 'python'</span>
s.upper() <span class="com"># 'PYTHON'</span>
s.strip() <span class="com"># remove whitespace</span>
s.split(<span class="str">" "</span>) <span class="com"># list of words</span>
s.replace(<span class="str">"P"</span>,<span class="str">"J"</span>)
s.startswith(<span class="str">"Py"</span>) <span class="com"># True</span>
<span class="fn">len</span>(s) <span class="com"># 6</span>
<span class="fn">ord</span>(<span class="str">'A'</span>) <span class="com"># 65 (ASCII)</span>
<span class="fn">chr</span>(<span class="num">65</span>) <span class="com"># 'A'</span></pre>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h3>Lists</h3>
<pre>nums = [<span class="num">1</span>, <span class="num">2</span>, <span class="num">3</span>]
nums.append(<span class="num">4</span>) <span class="com"># add end</span>
nums.insert(<span class="num">1</span>, <span class="num">99</span>) <span class="com"># insert</span>
nums.remove(<span class="num">2</span>) <span class="com"># del value</span>
nums.pop() <span class="com"># remove last</span>
nums.sort() <span class="com"># ascending</span>
nums.sort(reverse=<span class="kw">True</span>) <span class="com"># descend</span>
nums.reverse()
nums.count(<span class="num">3</span>) <span class="com"># occurrences</span>
<span class="kw">import</span> random
random.shuffle(nums)
nums[<span class="num">0</span>:<span class="num">2</span>] <span class="com"># slice [1,2]</span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cols">
<div class="card">
<h3>Dictionaries</h3>
<pre>d = {<span class="str">"name"</span>: <span class="str">"Ali"</span>, <span class="str">"age"</span>: <span class="num">20</span>}
d[<span class="str">"name"</span>] <span class="com"># "Ali"</span>
d[<span class="str">"job"</span>] = <span class="str">"Dev"</span> <span class="com"># add/update</span>
d.get(<span class="str">"email"</span>, <span class="str">"N/A"</span>) <span class="com"># safe get</span>
d.keys() d.values()
d.items() <span class="com"># (k,v) pairs</span>
<span class="str">"name"</span> <span class="kw">in</span> d <span class="com"># True</span>
<span class="kw">del</span> d[<span class="str">"age"</span>]</pre>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h3>Sets & Tuples</h3>
<pre><span class="com"># Set – no duplicates</span>
s = {<span class="num">1</span>, <span class="num">2</span>, <span class="num">3</span>}
s.add(<span class="num">4</span>)
s.remove(<span class="num">2</span>)
s1 | s2 <span class="com"># union</span>
s1 & s2 <span class="com"># intersection</span>
s1 - s2 <span class="com"># difference</span>
<span class="com"># Tuple – immutable</span>
t = (<span class="num">10</span>, <span class="num">20</span>)
x, y = t <span class="com"># unpack</span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════ -->
<h2>Module 3 – Control Flow</h2>
<div class="cols">
<div class="card">
<h3>Conditionals</h3>
<pre><span class="kw">if</span> age < <span class="num">13</span>:
<span class="fn">print</span>(<span class="str">"Child"</span>)
<span class="kw">elif</span> age < <span class="num">18</span>:
<span class="fn">print</span>(<span class="str">"Teen"</span>)
<span class="kw">else</span>:
<span class="fn">print</span>(<span class="str">"Adult"</span>)
<span class="com"># Ternary (one-liner)</span>
label = <span class="str">"adult"</span> <span class="kw">if</span> age >= <span class="num">18</span> <span class="kw">else</span> <span class="str">"minor"</span>
<span class="com"># Chained comparison</span>
<span class="num">18</span> <= age <= <span class="num">65</span> <span class="com"># clean range check</span></pre>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h3>Loops</h3>
<pre><span class="kw">for</span> i <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="fn">range</span>(<span class="num">5</span>): <span class="com"># 0–4</span>
<span class="fn">print</span>(i)
<span class="kw">for</span> i, v <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="fn">enumerate</span>(lst):
<span class="fn">print</span>(i, v) <span class="com"># index + val</span>
count = <span class="num">0</span>
<span class="kw">while</span> count < <span class="num">3</span>:
count += <span class="num">1</span>
<span class="com"># Loop control</span>
<span class="kw">break</span> <span class="com"># exit loop</span>
<span class="kw">continue</span> <span class="com"># skip iteration</span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════ -->
<h2>Module 4 – Functions</h2>
<div class="cols">
<div class="card">
<h3>Defining Functions</h3>
<pre><span class="kw">def</span> <span class="fn">greet</span>(name, greeting=<span class="str">"Hello"</span>):
<span class="str">"""Docstring here"""</span>
<span class="kw">return</span> <span class="str">f"{greeting}, {name}!"</span>
<span class="com"># *args → tuple of extra args</span>
<span class="kw">def</span> <span class="fn">total</span>(*args):
<span class="kw">return</span> <span class="fn">sum</span>(args)
<span class="com"># **kwargs → dict of named args</span>
<span class="kw">def</span> <span class="fn">info</span>(**kwargs):
<span class="fn">print</span>(kwargs)</pre>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h3>Lambda & Scope</h3>
<pre><span class="com"># Lambda (anonymous function)</span>
square = <span class="kw">lambda</span> x: x ** <span class="num">2</span>
add = <span class="kw">lambda</span> a, b: a + b
<span class="com"># With sorted / filter / map</span>
<span class="fn">sorted</span>(lst, key=<span class="kw">lambda</span> x: x[<span class="num">1</span>])
<span class="fn">list</span>(<span class="fn">filter</span>(<span class="kw">lambda</span> x: x><span class="num">0</span>, nums))
<span class="fn">list</span>(<span class="fn">map</span>(<span class="kw">lambda</span> x: x*<span class="num">2</span>, nums))
<span class="com"># Scope: Local→Enclosing→Global→Built-in</span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════ -->
<h2>Module 5 – Modules, Files & Error Handling</h2>
<div class="cols">
<div class="card">
<h3>Imports & Random</h3>
<pre><span class="kw">import</span> math, random, json, re, os
<span class="kw">from</span> datetime <span class="kw">import</span> datetime
<span class="kw">import</span> random <span class="kw">as</span> rnd
random.randint(<span class="num">1</span>, <span class="num">10</span>) <span class="com"># int</span>
random.random() <span class="com"># 0.0–1.0</span>
random.shuffle(lst)
random.choice(lst) <span class="com"># pick one</span>
random.sample(lst, <span class="num">6</span>) <span class="com"># 6 unique</span></pre>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h3>File I/O</h3>
<pre><span class="com"># Read</span>
<span class="kw">with</span> <span class="fn">open</span>(<span class="str">"file.txt"</span>, <span class="str">"r"</span>) <span class="kw">as</span> f:
content = f.read() <span class="com"># all</span>
lines = f.readlines() <span class="com"># list</span>
<span class="com"># Write / Append</span>
<span class="kw">with</span> <span class="fn">open</span>(<span class="str">"out.txt"</span>, <span class="str">"w"</span>) <span class="kw">as</span> f:
f.write(<span class="str">"hello\n"</span>)
<span class="kw">with</span> <span class="fn">open</span>(<span class="str">"log.txt"</span>, <span class="str">"a"</span>) <span class="kw">as</span> f:
f.write(<span class="str">"new line\n"</span>)</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cols">
<div class="card">
<h3>Try / Except</h3>
<pre><span class="kw">try</span>:
result = <span class="num">10</span> / <span class="fn">int</span>(<span class="fn">input</span>(<span class="str">"n: "</span>))
<span class="kw">except</span> ZeroDivisionError:
<span class="fn">print</span>(<span class="str">"Can't divide by zero"</span>)
<span class="kw">except</span> ValueError <span class="kw">as</span> e:
<span class="fn">print</span>(<span class="str">f"Bad input: {e}"</span>)
<span class="kw">else</span>:
<span class="fn">print</span>(<span class="str">"Success:"</span>, result)
<span class="kw">finally</span>:
<span class="fn">print</span>(<span class="str">"Always runs"</span>)</pre>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h3>JSON & Regex</h3>
<pre><span class="kw">import</span> json
data = json.loads(<span class="str">'{"key":"val"}'</span>)
text = json.dumps(data, indent=<span class="num">2</span>)
<span class="kw">import</span> re
re.search(<span class="str">r'\w+@\w+\.\w+'</span>, s) <span class="com"># email</span>
re.findall(<span class="str">r'\d+'</span>, s) <span class="com"># digits</span>
re.match(<span class="str">r'^M00\w{6}$'</span>, s) <span class="com"># start</span>
re.sub(<span class="str">r' +'</span>, <span class="str">' '</span>, s) <span class="com"># replace</span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════ -->
<h2>Module 6 – Advanced Python</h2>
<div class="cols">
<div class="card">
<h3>List Comprehensions</h3>
<pre><span class="com"># [expression for item in iterable if condition]</span>
squares = [x**<span class="num">2</span> <span class="kw">for</span> x <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="fn">range</span>(<span class="num">10</span>)]
evens = [x <span class="kw">for</span> x <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="fn">range</span>(<span class="num">20</span>) <span class="kw">if</span> x%<span class="num">2</span>==<span class="num">0</span>]
flat = [v <span class="kw">for</span> row <span class="kw">in</span> matrix <span class="kw">for</span> v <span class="kw">in</span> row]
<span class="com"># Dict / Set comprehension</span>
d = {k: v**<span class="num">2</span> <span class="kw">for</span> k, v <span class="kw">in</span> pairs}
s = {x%<span class="num">3</span> <span class="kw">for</span> x <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="fn">range</span>(<span class="num">10</span>)}</pre>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h3>OOP Basics</h3>
<pre><span class="kw">class</span> Dog:
species = <span class="str">"Canis"</span> <span class="com"># class var</span>
<span class="kw">def</span> <span class="fn">__init__</span>(self, name, age):
self.name = name <span class="com"># instance</span>
self.age = age
<span class="kw">def</span> <span class="fn">bark</span>(self):
<span class="kw">return</span> <span class="str">f"{self.name}: Woof!"</span>
<span class="kw">def</span> <span class="fn">__str__</span>(self):
<span class="kw">return</span> <span class="str">f"Dog({self.name})"</span>
<span class="com"># Inheritance</span>
<span class="kw">class</span> Puppy(Dog):
<span class="kw">def</span> <span class="fn">bark</span>(self): <span class="com"># override</span>
<span class="kw">return</span> <span class="str">"Yip!"</span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════ -->
<h2>Module 7 – Networking (Sockets)</h2>
<div class="cols">
<div class="card">
<h3>Server</h3>
<pre><span class="kw">import</span> socket
server = socket.socket(
socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
server.bind((<span class="str">'localhost'</span>, <span class="num">5000</span>))
server.listen(<span class="num">5</span>)
conn, addr = server.accept()
data = conn.recv(<span class="num">1024</span>).decode()
conn.send(<span class="str">"OK"</span>.encode())
conn.close()</pre>
</div>
<div class="card">
<h3>Client</h3>
<pre><span class="kw">import</span> socket
client = socket.socket(
socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
client.connect((<span class="str">'localhost'</span>, <span class="num">5000</span>))
client.send(<span class="str">"VIEW"</span>.encode())
resp = client.recv(<span class="num">1024</span>).decode()
<span class="fn">print</span>(resp)
client.close()</pre>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════ -->
<h2>📊 Quick Reference Table</h2>
<table>
<tr><th>Pattern</th><th>Code</th><th>What it does</th></tr>
<tr><td>Swap</td><td><code>a, b = b, a</code></td><td>Swap two variables</td></tr>
<tr><td>Unpack</td><td><code>first, *mid, last = lst</code></td><td>Split list into parts</td></tr>
<tr><td>Chained compare</td><td><code>18 <= age <= 65</code></td><td>Clean range check</td></tr>
<tr><td>Enumerate</td><td><code>for i, v in enumerate(lst)</code></td><td>Index + value loop</td></tr>
<tr><td>Zip</td><td><code>for a, b in zip(l1, l2)</code></td><td>Parallel iteration</td></tr>
<tr><td>Safe dict get</td><td><code>d.get("key", "default")</code></td><td>No KeyError</td></tr>
<tr><td>String join</td><td><code>", ".join(lst)</code></td><td>List → string</td></tr>
<tr><td>Check type</td><td><code>isinstance(x, int)</code></td><td>Type check</td></tr>
<tr><td>Floor divide</td><td><code>seconds // 60</code></td><td>Integer division</td></tr>
<tr><td>Generator</td><td><code>def f(n): yield n</code></td><td>Lazy iteration</td></tr>
</table>
<!-- ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════ -->
<hr class="divider">
<h2>📝 Practice Exercises</h2>
<p style="font-size:13px; margin-bottom:14px;">Try each problem before clicking <b>Solution</b>. Replace <code>#sol-*</code> links with your hosted solution URLs.</p>
<div class="tip">
<strong>Difficulty key:</strong>
<span class="badge b-thresh">Threshold</span> core skills
<span class="badge b-typ">Typical</span> standard practice
<span class="badge b-exc">Excellent</span> challenge problems
</div>
<!-- WEEK 1 -->
<div class="week-block">
<div class="week-header">📘 Week 1 – Variables, I/O & Basic Math</div>
<div class="week-inner">
<table class="ex-table">
<tr><th>#</th><th>Exercise</th><th>Level</th><th>Solution</th></tr>
<tr><td>1</td><td>Questioner – ask name, interests, etc. (use escape chars in output)</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w1-1">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>Rectangle Area & Perimeter (width=4.5, height=7.9)</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w1-2">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>3</td><td>Pounds → Kilograms converter (1 lb = 0.454 kg)</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w1-3">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>4</td><td>Feet → Meters converter (1 ft = 0.305 m)</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w1-4">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>5</td><td>Sum of first n positive integers using formula: n*(n+1)/2</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w1-5">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>6</td><td>Pentagon area calculator — area = 5s² / (4·tan(π/5))</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w1-6">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>7</td><td>Netflix series time calculator (5 seasons, 10 eps each, mixed lengths)</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w1-7">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>8</td><td>Distance between two Earth points using Haversine formula (radians)</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w1-8">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>9</td><td>3-year savings tracker (£10/week, +£20/week yr1 parents, −£0.50 every 2 weeks sister)</td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w1-9">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>10</td><td>Population projection — 5 years (births/deaths/immigrants per second)</td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w1-10">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>11</td><td>Payroll statement — name, hours, rate, federal & state tax</td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w1-11">Solution</a></td></tr>
</table>
<div class="info" style="margin-top:10px;">
<strong>Week 1 Key Formula Examples</strong><br>
<code>area = width * height</code> |
<code>kg = lbs * 0.454</code> |
<code>sum = n * (n + 1) / 2</code> |
<code>distance = 6371.01 * math.acos(sin(t1)*sin(t2) + cos(t1)*cos(t2)*cos(g1-g2))</code>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- WEEK 2 -->
<div class="week-block">
<div class="week-header">📘 Week 2 – Control Structures & Lists</div>
<div class="week-inner">
<table class="ex-table">
<tr><th>#</th><th>Exercise</th><th>Level</th><th>Solution</th></tr>
<tr><td>T1</td><td>Multiplication quiz — random single-digit integers, check answer</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-t1">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T2</td><td>Even or Odd checker</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-t2">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T3</td><td>BMI calculator — input weight (lbs) & height (in), show category</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-t3">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T4</td><td>Countdown loop: display −10 to −1 using <code>for</code></td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-t4">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T5</td><td>Number pattern: 1 / 1 2 / 1 2 3 / … using nested loops</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-t5">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T6</td><td>Sum 1 to n — accept n, output total</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-t6">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T7</td><td>Multiplication table for a single number (0×n … 9×n)</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-t7">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T8</td><td>Full 10×10 multiplication grid with spacing</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-t8">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T9</td><td>Repeat multiplication quiz until answer is correct</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-t9">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T10</td><td>Square root table — even numbers 0–18 using <code>math.sqrt</code></td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-t10">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>TP1</td><td>Dog years converter (first 2 human years = 10.5 dog years each; then 4/year)</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-tp1">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>TP2</td><td>Vowel or Consonant checker (handle 'y' as special case)</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-tp2">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>TP3</td><td>Reverse number pattern: 5 4 3… / 4 3 2… / … / 1</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-tp3">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>TP4</td><td>Highest score finder — enter n students with names & scores</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-tp4">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>TP5</td><td>Number guessing game — too high / too low hints, count tries</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-tp5">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>TP6</td><td>Print all prime numbers from 1–100</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-tp6">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>E1</td><td>2-digit lottery — exact match £10k, any digits £3k, one digit £1k</td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-e1">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>E2</td><td>3-digit lottery — same prize rules as above</td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-e2">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>E3</td><td>Find the two highest scores from a list of student scores</td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-e3">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>E4</td><td>Password cracker — show accuracy % (case + order matter)</td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w2-e4">Solution</a></td></tr>
</table>
<div class="info" style="margin-top:10px;">
<strong>Week 2 Hints</strong><br>
BMI: <code>bmi = (weight_kg) / (height_m ** 2)</code> |
Prime check: loop from 2 to √n |
<code>random.randint(0, 9)</code> for quiz numbers
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- WEEK 3 -->
<div class="week-block">
<div class="week-header">📘 Week 3 – Functions, Lists & Lambdas</div>
<div class="week-inner">
<table class="ex-table">
<tr><th>#</th><th>Exercise</th><th>Level</th><th>Solution</th></tr>
<tr><td>T1</td><td>Menu-driven math quiz — add/sub/mul/div/exp/mod, score, loop, division-by-zero</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w3-t1">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T2</td><td>Read integers into list (0 as sentinel), print reversed one per line</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w3-t2">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T3</td><td>7 random dice throws — shuffle & print, sort descending, count each value</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w3-t3">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T4</td><td>Matrix row sum — <code>def sum_row(matrix, rowIndex)</code>, test with 4×4 matrix</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w3-t4">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>TP1</td><td>Scientific unit converter — length, temp, mass, volume, pressure, energy</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w3-tp1">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>TP2</td><td>Palindrome checker — <code>def is_palindrome(s)</code> returns True/False</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w3-tp2">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>TP3</td><td>Text compression — <code>compress_string("aaabbb")</code> → <code>"a3b3"</code></td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w3-tp3">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>TP4</td><td>Lottery number generator — 6 unique numbers 1–49, sorted ascending</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w3-tp4">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>TP5</td><td>Count elements in list within a range — <code>countRange(lst, min, max)</code></td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w3-tp5">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>E1</td><td>Refactor quiz or converter using lambda functions</td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w3-e1">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>E2</td><td>Sublist checker — <code>isSublist(larger, smaller)</code> checks adjacency</td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w3-e2">Solution</a></td></tr>
</table>
<div class="info" style="margin-top:10px;">
<strong>Week 3 Hints</strong><br>
Palindrome: <code>s == s[::-1]</code> |
Compression: use a <code>while</code> loop with a counter |
Lottery: <code>random.sample(range(1,50), 6)</code>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- WEEK 4 -->
<div class="week-block">
<div class="week-header">📘 Week 4 – Strings, Modules & Error Handling</div>
<div class="week-inner">
<table class="ex-table">
<tr><th>#</th><th>Exercise</th><th>Level</th><th>Solution</th></tr>
<tr><td>T1</td><td>Password length validator — loop until valid (>8 chars)</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w4-t1">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T2</td><td>Secret word generator — first 3 of name + last 2 of surname; also convert to ASCII numbers</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w4-t2">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T3</td><td>Student number validator — starts with "M00", exactly 9 chars</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w4-t3">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T4</td><td>Quote manipulation — lower, capitalise first letter, all upper</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w4-t4">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T5</td><td>Organisation email generator — initials + random 3-digit number + @live.mdx.ac.uk</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w4-t5">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>T6</td><td>Division with try-except — catch ZeroDivisionError and ValueError</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w4-t6">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>TP1</td><td>Character counter — count lowercase, uppercase, digits, special symbols</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w4-tp1">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>TP2</td><td>Multi-criteria password validator — length, upper, lower, digit, special char</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w4-tp2">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>E1</td><td>Binary → Decimal: <code>def binaryToDecimal(binaryString)</code></td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w4-e1">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>E2</td><td>Binary → Hex: <code>def binaryToHex(binaryValue)</code></td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w4-e2">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>E3</td><td>Decimal → Binary: <code>def decimalToBinary(value)</code></td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w4-e3">Solution</a></td></tr>
</table>
<div class="info" style="margin-top:10px;">
<strong>Week 4 Hints</strong><br>
ASCII: <code>ord('A') → 65</code>, <code>chr(65) → 'A'</code> |
Check chars: <code>c.isupper()</code>, <code>c.isdigit()</code>, <code>c in "@#$"</code> |
Binary: built-in <code>bin(n)</code> and <code>int(s, 2)</code>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- WEEK 5 -->
<div class="week-block">
<div class="week-header">📘 Week 5 – File Handling & Data Structures</div>
<div class="week-inner">
<table class="ex-table">
<tr><th>#</th><th>Exercise</th><th>Level</th><th>Solution</th></tr>
<tr><td>1</td><td>Write name & today's date to <code>user_info.txt</code></td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-1">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>2</td><td>Append address to <code>user_info.txt</code></td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-2">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>3</td><td>Read & print entire <code>Les_Brown.txt</code></td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-3">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>4</td><td>Count lines in <code>Les_Brown.txt</code></td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-4">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>5</td><td>Store clothing items & sizes from <code>clothing_stock.txt</code> in a list</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-5">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>6</td><td>Store unique sizes in a set from <code>clothing_stock.txt</code></td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-6">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>7</td><td>Build dictionary: clothing item → size count from <code>clothing_stock.txt</code></td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-7">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>8</td><td>Favourite movies app — add, remove, check using a list</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-8">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>9</td><td>Social media likes tracker — like, unlike, count using a set</td><td><span class="badge b-thresh">T</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-9">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>10</td><td>Find "dream" sentences in Les_Brown.txt → write to <code>dream_sentences.txt</code></td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-10">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>11</td><td>Identify resonant section, convert to uppercase → <code>posiability.txt</code></td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-11">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>12</td><td>Add line numbers to <code>python_zen.txt</code> (skip title) → <code>numbered_zen.txt</code></td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-12">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>13</td><td>Reverse clothing stock list → <code>reversed_clothing_stock.txt</code></td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-13">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>14</td><td>Find duplicate entries in clothing stock using a set</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-14">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>15</td><td>Count different sizes per clothing item → dictionary</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-15">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>16</td><td>Study group manager — students can join/leave groups (dict of lists)</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-16">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>17</td><td>Playlist manager — add, remove, shuffle songs (list)</td><td><span class="badge b-typ">Typ</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-17">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>18</td><td>Word frequency counter from Les_Brown.txt → <code>word_count.txt</code></td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-18">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>19</td><td>Remove duplicate clothing entries → <code>unique_clothing_stock.txt</code></td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-19">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>20</td><td>Split clothing stock into separate sets by size (XS, S, M, etc.)</td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-20">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>21</td><td>Event ticket manager — track availability & purchasers (dict)</td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-21">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>22</td><td>Personal finance app — track expenses by category (dict of lists)</td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-22">Solution</a></td></tr>
<tr><td>23</td><td>Group clothing by size → dictionary → export to JSON file</td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w5-23">Solution</a></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- WEEK 6 -->
<div class="week-block">
<div class="week-header">📘 Week 6 – Mini-Project: Text-Based Shopping System</div>
<div class="week-inner">
<p style="font-size:13px; padding: 10px 0;">Build a text-based shopping system using file I/O, menus, cart logic & inventory updates. Then choose either the <strong>Smart Vending Machine</strong> or <strong>Crypto Investment Platform</strong> coursework project and start a text-based implementation.</p>
<table class="ex-table">
<tr><th>#</th><th>Exercise</th><th>Level</th><th>Solution</th></tr>
<tr><td>W6</td><td>Text-based shopping system — load inventory.txt, display products, add to cart, checkout, log transactions</td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w6">Solution</a></td></tr>
</table>
<div class="info" style="margin-top:10px;">
<strong>Key concepts:</strong> <code>open()</code> for inventory loading | dictionaries for cart | append mode for transaction log | <code>while True</code> menu loop
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- WEEK 7 -->
<div class="week-block">
<div class="week-header">📘 Week 7 – OOP Refactoring</div>
<div class="week-inner">
<p style="font-size:13px; padding: 10px 0;">Refactor your Week 6 project into classes. Key classes: <code>Product</code>, <code>Cart</code>, <code>ShoppingSystem</code> (or equivalent for your chosen project).</p>
<table class="ex-table">
<tr><th>#</th><th>Exercise</th><th>Level</th><th>Solution</th></tr>
<tr><td>W7</td><td>OOP refactoring — define Product, Cart, and System classes; move functions into methods; test all operations</td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w7">Solution</a></td></tr>
</table>
<div class="info" style="margin-top:10px;">
<strong>OOP checklist:</strong>
<code>__init__</code> sets attributes |
<code>__str__</code> for print |
methods replace standalone functions |
inheritance for specialised classes
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- WEEK 8 -->
<div class="week-block">
<div class="week-header">📘 Week 8 – Client-Server Communication</div>
<div class="week-inner">
<p style="font-size:13px; padding: 10px 0;">Extend your project with socket networking. Server manages data; client handles user interaction. Commands: VIEW, ADD, CART, CHECKOUT.</p>
<table class="ex-table">
<tr><th>#</th><th>Exercise</th><th>Level</th><th>Solution</th></tr>
<tr><td>W8</td><td>Client-server shopping/vending/crypto system — socket setup, command parsing, inventory sync, transaction logging</td><td><span class="badge b-exc">Exc</span></td><td><a href="#sol-w8">Solution</a></td></tr>
</table>
<div class="info" style="margin-top:10px;">
<strong>Socket quick-ref:</strong>
<code>socket.AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM</code> |
<code>server.bind(('localhost', 5000))</code> |
<code>conn.recv(1024).decode()</code> |
<code>conn.send("OK".encode())</code>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tip">
<strong>💡 How to use this sheet:</strong>
Try solving each exercise first. Click <em>Solution</em> only when stuck.
Replace <code>#sol-*</code> anchor links with your actual hosted URLs (GitHub, Notion, etc.).
Focus on understanding <em>why</em> the solution works, not just copying it.
</div>
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CST1510 – Programming for Data Communication & Networks ·
Based on OpenPython's Learn Python Course ·
<a href="https://openpython.org/courses/learnpython/" style="color:#2563eb;">openpython.org</a>
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