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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!--Content Author Graham Williamson-->
<!--Project 1 (A Brief History of the Tudors)-->
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="description" content="The Tudor Dynesty">
<title> The Tudors</title>
<link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
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<body>
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<header>
<a href="#" class="logo">The Tudor's</a>
<div class="bx bx-menu" id="menu-icon"></div>
<ul class="navlist">
<li><a href="#home">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#henryVII">Henry VII</a></li>
<li><a href="#henryVIII">Henry VIII</a></li>
<li><a href="#edwardVI">Edward VI</a></li>
<li><a href="#maryI">Mary I</a></li>
<li><a href="#elizabethI">Elizabeth I</a></li>
</ul>
</header>
<!--Home Page section-->
<section class="home" id="home">
<div class="home-text">
<div style="font-weight: 900;">
<h1>The House of Tudor <br> <span> 1485 - 1603</span></h1>
<h4>The New Royal House</h4>
<p>In defeating Richard III and claming the crown at Bosworth Field,
Henry VII not only founded the Tudor dynasty but also won the
final victory for the Lancastrians in their decades-long struggle
against the House of York for the English crown.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="h-btn">
<a href="https://britroyals.com/tudortree.asp" class="sign-in">Family Tree</a>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" class="sign-in">Battle of Boswort</a>
</div>
</section>
<!---Henry VII-->
<section class="henryVII" id="henryVII">
<div class="about-img">
<img src="henry7.jpg" alt="picture of king henry VII" >
<div>
<h3>Henry VII's page
<br><a href="henry7.html">Read More</a>
</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="about-text">
<h2>King Henry VII</h2>
<h5>Reign: 1485 - 1509</h5>
<p>History of the Reign of King Henry VII.
Henry VII was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown
on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. He was the first monarch of
the House of Tudor. Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant
of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. Henry's father,
Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, a half-brother of Henry VI of England
and a member of the Welsh Tudors of Penmynydd, died three months before
his son Henry was born. During Henry's early years, his uncle Henry VI was
fighting against Edward IV, a member of the Yorkist Plantagenet branch.
After Edward retook the throne in 1471, Henry Tudor spent 14 years in
exile in Brittany. He attained the throne when his forces, supported by
France, Scotland, and Wales, defeated Edward IV's brother Richard III at
the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses.
He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle.
He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV.
Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war.
He is credited with many administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives.
His supportive policy toward England's wool industry and his standoff with the
Low Countries had long-lasting benefit to the English economy. He paid very close
attention to detail, and instead of spending lavishly he concentrated on raising
new revenues. He stabilised the government's finances by introducing several new
taxes. After his death, a commission found widespread abuses in the tax collection
process. Henry reigned for nearly 24 years and was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII.
</p>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Reign_of_King_Henry_VII" target="_blank" class="btn">Wikipedia Link</a>
</div>
</section>
<!---Henry VIII-->
<section class="henryVIII" id="henryVIII">
<div class="about-img">
<img src="henry8.jpg" alt="picture of king henry VIII" >
<div>
<h3>Henry VIII's page
<br><a href="henry8.html">Read More</a>
</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="about-text">
<h2>King Henry VIII</h2>
<h5>Reign: 1509 - 1547</h5>
<p>Henry VIII ruled England for 36 years, presiding over sweeping
changes that brought his nation into the Protestant Reformation. He
famously married a series of six wives in his search for political
alliance, marital bliss and a healthy male heir. His desire to annul
his first marriage without papal approval led to the creation of a
separate Church of England. Of his marriages, two ended in annulment,
two in natural deaths and two with his wives’ beheadings for adultery
and treason. His children Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I would each
take their turn as England’s monarch. Henry was an extravagant spender,
using the proceeds from the dissolution of the monasteries and acts of
the Reformation Parliament. He also converted the money that was formerly
paid to Rome into royal revenue. Despite the money from these sources,
he was continually on the verge of financial ruin due to his personal
extravagance, as well as his numerous costly and largely unsuccessful
wars, particularly with King Francis I of France, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V, King James V of Scotland and the Scottish regency under the
Earl of Arran and Mary of Guise. At home, he oversaw the legal union of
England and Wales with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 and was the
first English monarch to rule as King of Ireland following the Crown of
Ireland Act 1542.
</p>
<a href="https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/henry-viii" target="_blank" class="btn">History.com Link</a>
</div>
</section>
<!---Edward VI-->
<section class="edwardVI" id="edwardVI">
<div class="about-img">
<img src="edward6.jpg" alt="picture of boy king edward VI" >
<div>
<h3>Edward VI's page
<br><a href="edward6.html">Read More</a>
</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="about-text">
<h2>King Edward VI</h2>
<h5>Reign: 1547 - 1553</h5>
<p>On January 28, 1547, Henry VIII died, and Edward, then age nine, succeeded to the throne.
Henry had decreed that during Edward’s minority the government was to be run by a council of regency,
but in fact Edward’s uncle, Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset, wielded almost supreme power as regent,
with the title of protector. Factions soon developed around the king. In 1549 Somerset was overthrown
by the unscrupulous John Dudley, earl of Warwick (soon to be duke of Northumberland). Northumberland
put Edward forward at the age of 14 as entitled to all the power of Henry VIII, but the young king was
the mask behind which Northumberland controlled the government. The measures taken by both Somerset and
Northumberland to consolidate the English Reformation, however, agreed with Edward’s own intense devotion to Protestantism.
</p>
<a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-VI" target="_blank" class="btn">Britannica Link</a>
</div>
</section>
<!---Mary I-->
<section class="maryI" id="maryI">
<div class="about-img">
<img src="mary1.jpg" alt="picture of queen mary I, Bloody mary">
<div>
<h3>Mary I's page
<br><a href="mary1.html">Read More</a>
</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="about-text">
<h2>Queen Mary I</h2>
<h5>Reign: 1553 - 1558</h5>
<p>England’s first female monarch, Mary I (1516-1558) ruled for just five years.
The only surviving child of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon,
Mary took the throne after the brief reign of her half-brother, Edward VI.
She sought to return England to the Catholic Church and stirred rebellions
by marrying a Spanish Habsburg prince. But she is most remembered for burning
nearly 300 English Protestants at the stake for heresy, which earned her the
nickname “Bloody Mary”. Mary was the only child of Henry VIII by his first wife,
Catherine of Aragon, to survive to adulthood. Her younger half-brother, Edward VI,
succeeded their father in 1547 at the age of nine. When Edward became mortally ill
in 1553, he attempted to remove Mary from the line of succession because he supposed,
correctly, that she would reverse the Protestant reforms that had taken place during
his reign. Upon his death, leading politicians proclaimed Lady Jane Grey as queen.
Mary speedily assembled a force in East Anglia and deposed Jane, who was ultimately
beheaded. Mary was—excluding the disputed reigns of Jane and the Empress Matilda—the
first queen regnant of England. In July 1554, Mary married Philip of Spain, becoming
queen consort of Habsburg Spain on his accession in January 1556. After Mary's death in 1558,
her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed by her younger half-sister and successor,
Elizabeth I.
</p>
<a href="https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/mary-i" target="_blank" class="btn">History.com Link</a>
</div>
</section>
<!---Elizabeth I-->
<section class="elizabethI" id="elizabethI">
<div class="about-img">
<img src="elizabeth1.jpg" alt="picture of queen elizabeth I, the virgin queen">
<div>
<h3>Elizabeth I's page
<br><a href="elizabeth1.html">Read More</a>
</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="about-text">
<h2>Queen Elizabeth I</h2>
<h5>Reign: 1558 - 1603</h5>
<p>Elizabeth I, bynames the Virgin Queen and Good Queen Bess,
(born September 7, 1533, Greenwich, near London, England—died March 24, 1603,
Richmond, Surrey), queen of England (1558–1603) during a period, often
called the Elizabethan Age, when England asserted itself vigorously as a
major European power in politics, commerce, and the arts.
</p>
<p>
Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions,
Elizabeth’s blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display
inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation
against foreign enemies. The adulation bestowed upon her both in her
lifetime and in the ensuing centuries was not altogether a spontaneous
effusion. It was the result of a carefully crafted, brilliantly
executed campaign in which the queen fashioned herself as the
glittering symbol of the nation’s destiny. This political symbolism,
common to monarchies, had more substance than usual, for the queen
was by no means a mere figurehead. While she did not wield the
absolute power of which Renaissance rulers dreamed, she tenaciously
upheld her authority to make critical decisions and to set the
central policies of both state and church. The latter half of the
16th century in England is justly called the Elizabethan Age: rarely
has the collective life of a whole era been given so distinctively
personal a stamp.
</p>
<a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-I" target="_blank" class="btn">Britannica Link</a>
</div>
</section>
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<p>© 2022 All rights reserved | Designed by Graham Williamson.</p>
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