diff --git a/AGENTS.md b/AGENTS.md
index 489f9f8b..72dac628 100644
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@@ -130,6 +130,13 @@ src-tauri/src/
 - `useMemo` / `useCallback` 의존성 배열에서 배열/객체는 개별 요소 비교 고려
 - 린트 자동 수정이 의도적 패턴을 덮어쓸 수 있으므로 필요시 `eslint-disable` 주석 사용
 
+## store 자산·복구 안전 규칙
+
+- **파일 자산 종류를 새로 추가할 때** (appData에 파일을 두고 store가 경로를 참조): `store.rs`의 orphan sweep 보호 집합(`collect_local_*_path_keys`)에 참조 수집을 추가하고, 크래시 직후·손상 복구 직후 시나리오와의 교차 테스트 필수
+- **sweep 불변식**: 자산 정리는 즉시 삭제가 아니라 `trash/<세션>/` 30일 격리 — 이를 우회하는 직접 `remove_file` 정리 경로 추가 금지. store 복구가 발생한 세션은 sweep이 자동 스킵됨(`skip_asset_sweep`)
+- **store에 사용자 생성 컬렉션 필드를 추가할 때**: `migration.rs`의 `recover_collection_field`에 항목 단위 복구 등록 검토 (범용 헬퍼 재사용, 한 줄). 미등록 시 그 필드만 "손상 시 통째 초기화"로 폴백
+- **`keys[mode][i]` ↔ `keyPositions[mode][i]`는 인덱스 결합** — 복구·마이그레이션에서 배열 요소 제거 금지, 제자리 대체(`""` / default)만 허용
+
 ## API 문서 동기화
 
 - 프론트엔드 플러그인 API(`dmn.*`) 또는 Tauri 커맨드에 변경이 있으면 `docs/content/` 하위 관련 MDX 문서를 업데이트
diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 3e6499b5..2af06913 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -130,6 +130,13 @@ src-tauri/src/
 - `useMemo` / `useCallback` 의존성 배열에서 배열/객체는 개별 요소 비교 고려
 - 린트 자동 수정이 의도적 패턴을 덮어쓸 수 있으므로 필요시 `eslint-disable` 주석 사용
 
+## store 자산·복구 안전 규칙
+
+- **파일 자산 종류를 새로 추가할 때** (appData에 파일을 두고 store가 경로를 참조): `store.rs`의 orphan sweep 보호 집합(`collect_local_*_path_keys`)에 참조 수집을 추가하고, 크래시 직후·손상 복구 직후 시나리오와의 교차 테스트 필수
+- **sweep 불변식**: 자산 정리는 즉시 삭제가 아니라 `trash/<세션>/` 30일 격리 — 이를 우회하는 직접 `remove_file` 정리 경로 추가 금지. store 복구가 발생한 세션은 sweep이 자동 스킵됨(`skip_asset_sweep`)
+- **store에 사용자 생성 컬렉션 필드를 추가할 때**: `migration.rs`의 `recover_collection_field`에 항목 단위 복구 등록 검토 (범용 헬퍼 재사용, 한 줄). 미등록 시 그 필드만 "손상 시 통째 초기화"로 폴백
+- **`keys[mode][i]` ↔ `keyPositions[mode][i]`는 인덱스 결합** — 복구·마이그레이션에서 배열 요소 제거 금지, 제자리 대체(`""` / default)만 허용
+
 ## API 문서 동기화
 
 - 프론트엔드 플러그인 API(`dmn.*`) 또는 Tauri 커맨드에 변경이 있으면 `docs/content/` 하위 관련 MDX 문서를 업데이트
diff --git a/docs/content/en/api-reference/keys/page.mdx b/docs/content/en/api-reference/keys/page.mdx
index 6b1478f6..030eaf03 100644
--- a/docs/content/en/api-reference/keys/page.mdx
+++ b/docs/content/en/api-reference/keys/page.mdx
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Key event subscription, mapping, and custom tab management.
 
 ## Key State Events
 
-### `dmn.keys.onKeyState(callback): Unsubscribe`
+### `dmn.keys.onKeyState(callback): ReadyUnsubscribe`
 
 <Callout type="warning">Overlay window only.</Callout>
 
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ Subscribes to state changes for registered keys.
 ```typescript
 interface KeyStateEvent {
   key: string; // e.g., 'KeyA', 'MouseLeft'
-  state: "UP" | "DOWN";
-  mode: "keyboard" | "mouse";
+  state: 'UP' | 'DOWN';
+  mode: 'keyboard' | 'mouse';
   // Elapsed time (ms) between input capture and event emit.
   // Recover the real input time with `performance.now() - eventAgeMs`.
   eventAgeMs?: number;
@@ -30,6 +30,16 @@ const unsub = dmn.keys.onKeyState(({ key, state, mode }) => {
 });
 ```
 
+The returned function also exposes a `ready` promise that resolves once the
+subscription is actually registered with the backend. Events fired before
+`ready` resolves may not be delivered — await it when you need a guaranteed
+starting point (e.g. before requesting a snapshot):
+
+```typescript
+const unsub = dmn.keys.onKeyState(handler);
+await unsub.ready; // subscription is live from this point
+```
+
 ### `dmn.keys.onRawInput(callback): Unsubscribe`
 
 <Callout type="warning">Overlay window only.</Callout>
@@ -38,10 +48,10 @@ Subscribes to all raw input events (including unregistered keys).
 
 ```typescript
 interface RawInputEvent {
-  device: "keyboard" | "mouse" | "gamepad" | "unknown";
+  device: 'keyboard' | 'mouse' | 'gamepad' | 'unknown';
   label: string; // e.g., 'A', 'LButton', 'HIDB:1ccf:101c:9:3'
   labels: string[]; // all candidate labels for this event
-  state: "DOWN" | "UP";
+  state: 'DOWN' | 'UP';
 }
 
 const unsub = dmn.keys.onRawInput(({ device, label, state }) => {
@@ -65,7 +75,7 @@ Returns the current cumulative key counter snapshot.
 type KeyCounters = Record<string, Record<string, number>>;
 
 const counters = await dmn.keys.getCounters();
-console.log(counters["4key"]);
+console.log(counters['4key']);
 ```
 
 ### `dmn.keys.onCounterChanged(callback): Unsubscribe`
@@ -95,11 +105,11 @@ Subscribes to input mode changes (keyboard/mouse).
 
 ```typescript
 interface ModeEvent {
-  mode: "keyboard" | "mouse";
+  mode: 'keyboard' | 'mouse';
 }
 
 const unsub = dmn.keys.onModeChanged(({ mode }) => {
-  console.log("Mode changed:", mode);
+  console.log('Mode changed:', mode);
 });
 ```
 
@@ -135,6 +145,22 @@ await dmn.keys.set({
 });
 ```
 
+### `dmn.keys.updateWithPositions(mappings, positions): Promise<KeysWithPositionsResult>`
+
+Updates key mappings and their index-coupled positions in one durable commit. Use
+this method whenever keys are added, removed, or reordered. The committed values
+are returned, and both `keys:changed` and `positions:changed` are emitted after
+the commit succeeds.
+
+```typescript
+interface KeysWithPositionsResult {
+  keys: KeyMappings;
+  positions: KeyPositions;
+}
+
+const result = await dmn.keys.updateWithPositions(mappings, positions);
+```
+
 ---
 
 ## Custom Tab
@@ -153,8 +179,8 @@ interface CustomTabOptions {
 }
 
 const unsub = dmn.keys.registerCustomTab({
-  id: "my-tab",
-  label: "My Tab",
+  id: 'my-tab',
+  label: 'My Tab',
   content: (container) => {
     container.innerHTML = `<div>Custom tab content</div>`;
     return () => {
@@ -170,8 +196,8 @@ Restores custom tabs and selected mode atomically. Syncs backend state, overlay,
 
 ```javascript
 await dmn.keys.customTabs.restore(
-  [{ id: "custom-123", name: "My Keys", keys: ["KeyA", "KeyS"] }],
-  "custom-123",
+  [{ id: 'custom-123', name: 'My Keys', keys: ['KeyA', 'KeyS'] }],
+  'custom-123',
 );
 ```
 
@@ -238,7 +264,7 @@ dmn.stats.reset();
 ```javascript
 // KPS counter using stats API
 dmn.plugin.defineElement({
-  name: "KPS Counter",
+  name: 'KPS Counter',
   maxInstances: 1,
 
   template: (state, settings, { html }) => html`
diff --git a/docs/content/en/guide/tips/page.mdx b/docs/content/en/guide/tips/page.mdx
index b42fbacc..85c44767 100644
--- a/docs/content/en/guide/tips/page.mdx
+++ b/docs/content/en/guide/tips/page.mdx
@@ -49,6 +49,14 @@ To capture both game and overlay at once:
 - Add the overlay with **Window Capture**.
 - Place the overlay source above the game source.
 
+### Using a Browser Source with OBS Mode
+
+Turning on **OBS Mode** in settings lets you show the overlay as a browser source on the same network. Use **Copy URL** to get the address and paste it into an OBS browser source.
+
+<Callout type="warning">
+  This share URL is not just a view link. Anyone on your network who has it can subscribe to your key input stream and modify plugin storage, so only share it on trusted networks. If you suspect it leaked, regenerate the session token to invalidate the old URL.
+</Callout>
+
 ## Performance Optimization
 
 ### Graphics Troubleshooting
diff --git a/docs/content/ko/api-reference/keys/page.mdx b/docs/content/ko/api-reference/keys/page.mdx
index 82d0b0ed..d1f6cc74 100644
--- a/docs/content/ko/api-reference/keys/page.mdx
+++ b/docs/content/ko/api-reference/keys/page.mdx
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ type KeyMappings = Record<string, string[]>;
 
 ```javascript
 const mappings = await dmn.keys.get();
-console.log("4key 매핑:", mappings["4key"]);
+console.log('4key 매핑:', mappings['4key']);
 ```
 
 ### update(mappings)
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ console.log("4key 매핑:", mappings["4key"]);
 
 ```javascript
 const current = await dmn.keys.get();
-current["4key"] = ["KeyS", "KeyD", "KeyJ", "KeyK"];
+current['4key'] = ['KeyS', 'KeyD', 'KeyJ', 'KeyK'];
 await dmn.keys.update(current);
 ```
 
@@ -46,13 +46,13 @@ interface KeyPosition {
   activeTransparent?: boolean;
   idleTransparent?: boolean;
   count: number;
-  noteColor: string | { type: "gradient"; top: string; bottom: string };
+  noteColor: string | { type: 'gradient'; top: string; bottom: string };
   noteOpacity: number;
   noteEffectEnabled: boolean;
   noteGlowEnabled: boolean;
   noteGlowSize: number;
   noteGlowOpacity: number;
-  noteGlowColor?: string | { type: "gradient"; top: string; bottom: string };
+  noteGlowColor?: string | { type: 'gradient'; top: string; bottom: string };
   noteAutoYCorrection: boolean;
   className?: string;
   zIndex?: number;
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ interface KeyPosition {
 
 ```javascript
 const positions = await dmn.keys.getPositions();
-console.log("4key 위치:", positions["4key"]);
+console.log('4key 위치:', positions['4key']);
 ```
 
 ### updatePositions(positions)
@@ -71,10 +71,25 @@ console.log("4key 위치:", positions["4key"]);
 
 ```javascript
 const current = await dmn.keys.getPositions();
-current["4key"][0].dx = 100;
+current['4key'][0].dx = 100;
 await dmn.keys.updatePositions(current);
 ```
 
+### updateWithPositions(mappings, positions)
+
+키 매핑과 인덱스로 결합된 위치 정보를 한 번의 영구 저장으로 갱신합니다.
+키를 추가·삭제·재정렬할 때 사용하세요. 커밋된 값이 반환되며, 저장 성공 후
+`keys:changed`와 `positions:changed` 이벤트가 모두 방출됩니다.
+
+```typescript
+interface KeysWithPositionsResult {
+  keys: KeyMappings;
+  positions: KeyPositions;
+}
+
+const result = await dmn.keys.updateWithPositions(mappings, positions);
+```
+
 ## 모드 관리
 
 ### setMode(mode)
@@ -82,8 +97,8 @@ await dmn.keys.updatePositions(current);
 현재 활성 키 모드를 변경합니다.
 
 ```javascript
-const result = await dmn.keys.setMode("8key");
-console.log("모드 변경 성공:", result.success);
+const result = await dmn.keys.setMode('8key');
+console.log('모드 변경 성공:', result.success);
 ```
 
 ### resetMode(mode)
@@ -91,7 +106,7 @@ console.log("모드 변경 성공:", result.success);
 특정 키 모드를 기본값으로 초기화합니다.
 
 ```javascript
-await dmn.keys.resetMode("4key");
+await dmn.keys.resetMode('4key');
 ```
 
 ### resetAll()
@@ -110,7 +125,7 @@ const reset = await dmn.keys.resetAll();
 
 ```javascript
 const counters = await dmn.keys.getCounters();
-console.log("4key 카운터:", counters["4key"]);
+console.log('4key 카운터:', counters['4key']);
 ```
 
 ### setCounters(counters)
@@ -119,7 +134,7 @@ console.log("4key 카운터:", counters["4key"]);
 
 ```javascript
 await dmn.keys.setCounters({
-  "4key": { KeyD: 100, KeyF: 200, KeyJ: 150, KeyK: 180 },
+  '4key': { KeyD: 100, KeyF: 200, KeyJ: 150, KeyK: 180 },
 });
 ```
 
@@ -136,7 +151,7 @@ await dmn.keys.resetCounters();
 특정 모드의 키 카운트만 초기화합니다.
 
 ```javascript
-await dmn.keys.resetCountersMode("4key");
+await dmn.keys.resetCountersMode('4key');
 ```
 
 ### resetSingleCounter(mode, key)
@@ -144,7 +159,7 @@ await dmn.keys.resetCountersMode("4key");
 특정 모드의 특정 키 카운트만 초기화합니다.
 
 ```javascript
-await dmn.keys.resetSingleCounter("4key", "KeyD");
+await dmn.keys.resetSingleCounter('4key', 'KeyD');
 ```
 
 ## 이벤트 구독
@@ -172,6 +187,15 @@ const unsub = dmn.keys.onKeyState(({ key, state, mode }) => {
 });
 ```
 
+반환된 함수에는 구독이 백엔드에 실제로 등록된 시점에 resolve되는 `ready`
+프로미스가 함께 노출됩니다. `ready` 이전에 발생한 이벤트는 전달되지 않을 수
+있으므로, 확실한 시작점이 필요하면(예: 스냅샷 요청 전) await 하세요:
+
+```javascript
+const unsub = dmn.keys.onKeyState(handler);
+await unsub.ready; // 이 시점부터 구독이 활성
+```
+
 ### onRawInput(listener)
 
 로우 레벨 입력 이벤트를 구독합니다. 키보드, 마우스, HID 기기의 원시
@@ -179,7 +203,7 @@ const unsub = dmn.keys.onKeyState(({ key, state, mode }) => {
 
 ```typescript
 interface RawInputPayload {
-  device: "keyboard" | "mouse" | "gamepad" | "unknown";
+  device: 'keyboard' | 'mouse' | 'gamepad' | 'unknown';
   label: string; // "KeyD", "MOUSE1", "HIDB:1ccf:101c:9:3" 등
   labels: string[]; // 모든 레이블 목록
   state: string; // "DOWN" | "UP"
@@ -206,7 +230,7 @@ HID 기기 버튼(Windows)은 `device: 'gamepad'`와
 
 ```javascript
 const unsub = dmn.keys.onChanged((mappings) => {
-  console.log("키 매핑 변경:", mappings);
+  console.log('키 매핑 변경:', mappings);
 });
 ```
 
@@ -216,7 +240,7 @@ const unsub = dmn.keys.onChanged((mappings) => {
 
 ```javascript
 const unsub = dmn.keys.onPositionsChanged((positions) => {
-  console.log("키 위치 변경:", positions);
+  console.log('키 위치 변경:', positions);
 });
 ```
 
@@ -226,7 +250,7 @@ const unsub = dmn.keys.onPositionsChanged((positions) => {
 
 ```javascript
 const unsub = dmn.keys.onModeChanged(({ mode }) => {
-  console.log("모드 변경:", mode);
+  console.log('모드 변경:', mode);
 });
 ```
 
@@ -246,7 +270,7 @@ const unsub = dmn.keys.onCounterChanged(({ mode, key, count }) => {
 
 ```javascript
 const unsub = dmn.keys.onCountersChanged((counters) => {
-  console.log("카운터:", counters);
+  console.log('카운터:', counters);
 });
 ```
 
@@ -265,11 +289,11 @@ const tabs = await dmn.keys.customTabs.list();
 새 커스텀 탭을 생성합니다.
 
 ```javascript
-const result = await dmn.keys.customTabs.create("My Keys");
+const result = await dmn.keys.customTabs.create('My Keys');
 if (result.error) {
   console.error(result.error); // "invalid-name", "duplicate-name", "max-reached"
 } else {
-  console.log("생성됨:", result.result);
+  console.log('생성됨:', result.result);
 }
 ```
 
@@ -278,7 +302,7 @@ if (result.error) {
 커스텀 탭을 삭제합니다.
 
 ```javascript
-const result = await dmn.keys.customTabs.delete("custom-123");
+const result = await dmn.keys.customTabs.delete('custom-123');
 ```
 
 ### select(id)
@@ -286,7 +310,7 @@ const result = await dmn.keys.customTabs.delete("custom-123");
 커스텀 탭을 선택합니다.
 
 ```javascript
-await dmn.keys.customTabs.select("custom-123");
+await dmn.keys.customTabs.select('custom-123');
 ```
 
 ### restore(customTabs, selectedKeyType)
@@ -295,8 +319,8 @@ await dmn.keys.customTabs.select("custom-123");
 
 ```javascript
 await dmn.keys.customTabs.restore(
-  [{ id: "custom-123", name: "My Keys", keys: ["KeyA", "KeyS"] }],
-  "custom-123",
+  [{ id: 'custom-123', name: 'My Keys', keys: ['KeyA', 'KeyS'] }],
+  'custom-123',
 );
 ```
 
@@ -307,7 +331,7 @@ await dmn.keys.customTabs.restore(
 ```javascript
 const unsub = dmn.keys.customTabs.onChanged(
   ({ customTabs, selectedKeyType }) => {
-    console.log("선택된 탭:", selectedKeyType);
+    console.log('선택된 탭:', selectedKeyType);
   },
 );
 ```
diff --git a/docs/content/ko/guide/tips/page.mdx b/docs/content/ko/guide/tips/page.mdx
index c287aa47..43cb6818 100644
--- a/docs/content/ko/guide/tips/page.mdx
+++ b/docs/content/ko/guide/tips/page.mdx
@@ -49,6 +49,14 @@ OBS Studio에서 크로마키 없이 투명 배경을 유지하려면:
 - **윈도우 캡쳐**로 오버레이를 추가합니다.
 - 오버레이 소스를 게임 소스 위에 배치합니다.
 
+### OBS 모드로 브라우저 소스 사용하기
+
+설정에서 **OBS 모드**를 켜면 오버레이를 같은 네트워크의 브라우저 소스로 표시할 수 있습니다. **URL 복사**로 주소를 받아 OBS의 브라우저 소스에 붙여넣으세요.
+
+<Callout type="warning">
+  이 공유 URL은 단순 화면 열람 링크가 아닙니다. 같은 네트워크에서 URL을 아는 사람은 키 입력 스트림을 구독하고 플러그인 저장소를 변경할 수 있으므로, 신뢰할 수 있는 네트워크에서만 공유하세요. 유출이 우려되면 세션 토큰을 재생성해 기존 URL을 무효화할 수 있습니다.
+</Callout>
+
 ## 성능 최적화
 
 ### 그래픽 문제 해결
diff --git a/scripts/verify-macos-bundle.sh b/scripts/verify-macos-bundle.sh
index 6424c407..5dbdc43b 100755
--- a/scripts/verify-macos-bundle.sh
+++ b/scripts/verify-macos-bundle.sh
@@ -23,8 +23,20 @@ read_executable_name() {
 read_minos() {
   local binary="$1"
   local arch="$2"
-  xcrun vtool -show-build -arch "$arch" "$binary" 2>/dev/null \
-    | awk '$1 == "minos" { print $2; exit }'
+  local build_info
+  local minos
+  build_info="$(xcrun vtool -show-build -arch "$arch" "$binary" 2>/dev/null || true)"
+  minos="$(awk '
+    $1 == "minos" { print $2; found = 1; exit }
+    $1 == "cmd" { legacy = ($2 == "LC_VERSION_MIN_MACOSX"); next }
+    legacy && $1 == "version" { legacy_version = $2; legacy = 0 }
+    END {
+      if (!found && legacy_version != "") print legacy_version
+    }
+  ' <<<"$build_info")"
+  [[ -n "$minos" ]] \
+    || fail "최소 macOS 버전을 판별할 수 없음: $binary ($arch)"
+  echo "$minos"
 }
 
 read_plist_min_version() {
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.lock b/src-tauri/Cargo.lock
index 921b40a5..03b389bb 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.lock
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.lock
@@ -1163,6 +1163,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures-util",
  "gif",
  "gif-dispose",
+ "libc",
  "local-ip-address",
  "log",
  "minisign-verify",
diff --git a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
index 168565e6..e0b23fd8 100644
--- a/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
+++ b/src-tauri/Cargo.toml
@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@ tokio = { version = "1", features = ["rt", "net", "sync", "time", "macros"] }
 tokio-tungstenite = "0.24"
 futures-util = "0.3"
 local-ip-address = "0.6.10"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+libc = "0.2"
+
 [target."cfg(windows)".dependencies]
 cpal = { version = "0.17.3", optional = true, default-features = false, features = ["asio"] }
 windows = { version = "0.61.3", features = [
diff --git a/src-tauri/gen/schemas/acl-manifests.json b/src-tauri/gen/schemas/acl-manifests.json
index 3e8127dc..dfe77f74 100644
--- a/src-tauri/gen/schemas/acl-manifests.json
+++ b/src-tauri/gen/schemas/acl-manifests.json
@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"__app-acl__":{"default_permission":null,"permissions":{"dmnote-allow-all":{"identifier":"dmnote-allow-all","description":"Full DM Note command access for renderer","commands":{"allow":["app_auto_update","app_bootstrap","app_open_external","app_quit","app_restart","counter_animation_create","counter_animation_delete","counter_animation_list","counter_animation_update","css_get","css_get_use","css_load","css_reset","css_set_content","css_tab_clear","css_tab_get","css_tab_get_all","css_tab_load","css_tab_set","css_tab_toggle","css_toggle","custom_tabs_create","custom_tabs_delete","custom_tabs_list","custom_tabs_restore","custom_tabs_select","font_load","get_cursor_settings","graph_positions_get","graph_positions_update","image_load","js_get","js_get_use","js_load","js_reload","js_remove_plugin","js_reset","js_set_content","js_set_plugin_enabled","js_toggle","key_sound_get_output_state","key_sound_get_status","key_sound_list_output_devices","key_sound_load_soundpack","key_sound_set_enabled","key_sound_set_latency_logging","key_sound_set_output_backend","key_sound_set_volume","key_sound_unload_soundpack","keys_get","keys_get_counters","keys_reset_all","keys_reset_counters","keys_reset_counters_mode","keys_reset_mode","keys_reset_single_counter","keys_set_counters","keys_set_mode","keys_update","knob_positions_get","knob_positions_update","layer_groups_get","layer_groups_update","note_tab_clear","note_tab_get","note_tab_get_all","note_tab_set","obs_regenerate_token","obs_start","obs_status","obs_stop","overlay_get","overlay_resize","overlay_set_anchor","overlay_set_lock","overlay_set_visible","plugin_bridge_send","plugin_bridge_send_to","plugin_storage_clear","plugin_storage_clear_by_prefix","plugin_storage_get","plugin_storage_has_data","plugin_storage_keys","plugin_storage_remove","plugin_storage_set","positions_get","positions_update","preset_load","preset_load_tab","preset_save","preset_save_tab","raw_input_subscribe","raw_input_unsubscribe","settings_get","settings_update","sound_delete","sound_list","sound_load","sound_load_original","sound_rename","sound_save_processed_wav","sound_set_enabled","sound_set_hidden","sound_update_processed_wav","stat_positions_get","stat_positions_update","window_close","window_minimize","window_open_devtools_all","window_show_main"],"deny":[]}}},"permission_sets":{},"global_scope_schema":null},"core":{"default_permission":{"identifier":"default","description":"Default core plugins set.","permissions":["core:path:default","core:event:default","core:window:default","core:webview:default","core:app:default","core:image:default","core:resources:default","core:menu:default","core:tray:default"]},"permissions":{},"permission_sets":{},"global_scope_schema":null},"core:app":{"default_permission":{"identifier":"default","description":"Default permissions for the plugin.","permissions":["allow-version","allow-name","allow-tauri-version","allow-identifier","allow-bundle-type","allow-register-listener","allow-remove-listener"]},"permissions":{"allow-app-hide":{"identifier":"allow-app-hide","description":"Enables the app_hide command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["app_hide"],"deny":[]}},"allow-app-show":{"identifier":"allow-app-show","description":"Enables the app_show command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["app_show"],"deny":[]}},"allow-bundle-type":{"identifier":"allow-bundle-type","description":"Enables the bundle_type command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["bundle_type"],"deny":[]}},"allow-default-window-icon":{"identifier":"allow-default-window-icon","description":"Enables the default_window_icon command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["default_window_icon"],"deny":[]}},"allow-fetch-data-store-identifiers":{"identifier":"allow-fetch-data-store-identifiers","description":"Enables the fetch_data_store_identifiers command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["fetch_data_store_identifiers"],"deny":[]}},"allow-identifier":{"identifier":"allow-identifier","description":"Enables the identifier command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["identifier"],"deny":[]}},"allow-name":{"identifier":"allow-name","description":"Enables the name command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["name"],"deny":[]}},"allow-register-listener":{"identifier":"allow-register-listener","description":"Enables the register_listener command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["register_listener"],"deny":[]}},"allow-remove-data-store":{"identifier":"allow-remove-data-store","description":"Enables the remove_data_store command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["remove_data_store"],"deny":[]}},"allow-remove-listener":{"identifier":"allow-remove-listener","description":"Enables the remove_listener command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["remove_listener"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-app-theme":{"identifier":"allow-set-app-theme","description":"Enables the set_app_theme command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_app_theme"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-dock-visibility":{"identifier":"allow-set-dock-visibility","description":"Enables the set_dock_visibility command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_dock_visibility"],"deny":[]}},"allow-tauri-version":{"identifier":"allow-tauri-version","description":"Enables the tauri_version command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["tauri_version"],"deny":[]}},"allow-version":{"identifier":"allow-version","description":"Enables the version command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["version"],"deny":[]}},"deny-app-hide":{"identifier":"deny-app-hide","description":"Denies the app_hide command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["app_hide"]}},"deny-app-show":{"identifier":"deny-app-show","description":"Denies the app_show command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["app_show"]}},"deny-bundle-type":{"identifier":"deny-bundle-type","description":"Denies the bundle_type command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["bundle_type"]}},"deny-default-window-icon":{"identifier":"deny-default-window-icon","description":"Denies the default_window_icon command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["default_window_icon"]}},"deny-fetch-data-store-identifiers":{"identifier":"deny-fetch-data-store-identifiers","description":"Denies the fetch_data_store_identifiers command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["fetch_data_store_identifiers"]}},"deny-identifier":{"identifier":"deny-identifier","description":"Denies the identifier command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["identifier"]}},"deny-name":{"identifier":"deny-name","description":"Denies the name command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["name"]}},"deny-register-listener":{"identifier":"deny-register-listener","description":"Denies the register_listener command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["register_listener"]}},"deny-remove-data-store":{"identifier":"deny-remove-data-store","description":"Denies the remove_data_store command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["remove_data_store"]}},"deny-remove-listener":{"identifier":"deny-remove-listener","description":"Denies the remove_listener command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["remove_listener"]}},"deny-set-app-theme":{"identifier":"deny-set-app-theme","description":"Denies the set_app_theme command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_app_theme"]}},"deny-set-dock-visibility":{"identifier":"deny-set-dock-visibility","description":"Denies the set_dock_visibility command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_dock_visibility"]}},"deny-tauri-version":{"identifier":"deny-tauri-version","description":"Denies the tauri_version command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["tauri_version"]}},"deny-version":{"identifier":"deny-version","description":"Denies the version command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["version"]}}},"permission_sets":{},"global_scope_schema":null},"core:event":{"default_permission":{"identifier":"default","description":"Default permissions for the plugin, which enables all commands.","permissions":["allow-listen","allow-unlisten","allow-emit","allow-emit-to"]},"permissions":{"allow-emit":{"identifier":"allow-emit","description":"Enables the emit command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["emit"],"deny":[]}},"allow-emit-to":{"identifier":"allow-emit-to","description":"Enables the emit_to command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["emit_to"],"deny":[]}},"allow-listen":{"identifier":"allow-listen","description":"Enables the listen command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["listen"],"deny":[]}},"allow-unlisten":{"identifier":"allow-unlisten","description":"Enables the unlisten command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["unlisten"],"deny":[]}},"deny-emit":{"identifier":"deny-emit","description":"Denies the emit command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["emit"]}},"deny-emit-to":{"identifier":"deny-emit-to","description":"Denies the emit_to command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["emit_to"]}},"deny-listen":{"identifier":"deny-listen","description":"Denies the listen command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["listen"]}},"deny-unlisten":{"identifier":"deny-unlisten","description":"Denies the unlisten command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["unlisten"]}}},"permission_sets":{},"global_scope_schema":null},"core:image":{"default_permission":{"identifier":"default","description":"Default permissions for the plugin, which enables all commands.","permissions":["allow-new","allow-from-bytes","allow-from-path","allow-rgba","allow-size"]},"permissions":{"allow-from-bytes":{"identifier":"allow-from-bytes","description":"Enables the from_bytes command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["from_bytes"],"deny":[]}},"allow-from-path":{"identifier":"allow-from-path","description":"Enables the from_path command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["from_path"],"deny":[]}},"allow-new":{"identifier":"allow-new","description":"Enables the new command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["new"],"deny":[]}},"allow-rgba":{"identifier":"allow-rgba","description":"Enables the rgba command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["rgba"],"deny":[]}},"allow-size":{"identifier":"allow-size","description":"Enables the size command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["size"],"deny":[]}},"deny-from-bytes":{"identifier":"deny-from-bytes","description":"Denies the from_bytes command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["from_bytes"]}},"deny-from-path":{"identifier":"deny-from-path","description":"Denies the from_path command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["from_path"]}},"deny-new":{"identifier":"deny-new","description":"Denies the new command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["new"]}},"deny-rgba":{"identifier":"deny-rgba","description":"Denies the rgba command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["rgba"]}},"deny-size":{"identifier":"deny-size","description":"Denies the size command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["size"]}}},"permission_sets":{},"global_scope_schema":null},"core:menu":{"default_permission":{"identifier":"default","description":"Default permissions for the plugin, which enables all commands.","permissions":["allow-new","allow-append","allow-prepend","allow-insert","allow-remove","allow-remove-at","allow-items","allow-get","allow-popup","allow-create-default","allow-set-as-app-menu","allow-set-as-window-menu","allow-text","allow-set-text","allow-is-enabled","allow-set-enabled","allow-set-accelerator","allow-set-as-windows-menu-for-nsapp","allow-set-as-help-menu-for-nsapp","allow-is-checked","allow-set-checked","allow-set-icon"]},"permissions":{"allow-append":{"identifier":"allow-append","description":"Enables the append command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["append"],"deny":[]}},"allow-create-default":{"identifier":"allow-create-default","description":"Enables the create_default command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["create_default"],"deny":[]}},"allow-get":{"identifier":"allow-get","description":"Enables the get command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["get"],"deny":[]}},"allow-insert":{"identifier":"allow-insert","description":"Enables the insert command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["insert"],"deny":[]}},"allow-is-checked":{"identifier":"allow-is-checked","description":"Enables the is_checked command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["is_checked"],"deny":[]}},"allow-is-enabled":{"identifier":"allow-is-enabled","description":"Enables the is_enabled command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["is_enabled"],"deny":[]}},"allow-items":{"identifier":"allow-items","description":"Enables the items command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["items"],"deny":[]}},"allow-new":{"identifier":"allow-new","description":"Enables the new command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["new"],"deny":[]}},"allow-popup":{"identifier":"allow-popup","description":"Enables the popup command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["popup"],"deny":[]}},"allow-prepend":{"identifier":"allow-prepend","description":"Enables the prepend command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["prepend"],"deny":[]}},"allow-remove":{"identifier":"allow-remove","description":"Enables the remove command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["remove"],"deny":[]}},"allow-remove-at":{"identifier":"allow-remove-at","description":"Enables the remove_at command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["remove_at"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-accelerator":{"identifier":"allow-set-accelerator","description":"Enables the set_accelerator command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_accelerator"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-as-app-menu":{"identifier":"allow-set-as-app-menu","description":"Enables the set_as_app_menu command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_as_app_menu"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-as-help-menu-for-nsapp":{"identifier":"allow-set-as-help-menu-for-nsapp","description":"Enables the set_as_help_menu_for_nsapp command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_as_help_menu_for_nsapp"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-as-window-menu":{"identifier":"allow-set-as-window-menu","description":"Enables the set_as_window_menu command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_as_window_menu"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-as-windows-menu-for-nsapp":{"identifier":"allow-set-as-windows-menu-for-nsapp","description":"Enables the set_as_windows_menu_for_nsapp command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_as_windows_menu_for_nsapp"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-checked":{"identifier":"allow-set-checked","description":"Enables the set_checked command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_checked"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-enabled":{"identifier":"allow-set-enabled","description":"Enables the set_enabled command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_enabled"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-icon":{"identifier":"allow-set-icon","description":"Enables the set_icon command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_icon"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-text":{"identifier":"allow-set-text","description":"Enables the set_text command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_text"],"deny":[]}},"allow-text":{"identifier":"allow-text","description":"Enables the text command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["text"],"deny":[]}},"deny-append":{"identifier":"deny-append","description":"Denies the append command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["append"]}},"deny-create-default":{"identifier":"deny-create-default","description":"Denies the create_default command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["create_default"]}},"deny-get":{"identifier":"deny-get","description":"Denies the get command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["get"]}},"deny-insert":{"identifier":"deny-insert","description":"Denies the insert command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["insert"]}},"deny-is-checked":{"identifier":"deny-is-checked","description":"Denies the is_checked command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["is_checked"]}},"deny-is-enabled":{"identifier":"deny-is-enabled","description":"Denies the is_enabled command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["is_enabled"]}},"deny-items":{"identifier":"deny-items","description":"Denies the items command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["items"]}},"deny-new":{"identifier":"deny-new","description":"Denies the new command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["new"]}},"deny-popup":{"identifier":"deny-popup","description":"Denies the popup command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["popup"]}},"deny-prepend":{"identifier":"deny-prepend","description":"Denies the prepend command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["prepend"]}},"deny-remove":{"identifier":"deny-remove","description":"Denies the remove command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["remove"]}},"deny-remove-at":{"identifier":"deny-remove-at","description":"Denies the remove_at command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["remove_at"]}},"deny-set-accelerator":{"identifier":"deny-set-accelerator","description":"Denies the set_accelerator command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_accelerator"]}},"deny-set-as-app-menu":{"identifier":"deny-set-as-app-menu","description":"Denies the set_as_app_menu command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_as_app_menu"]}},"deny-set-as-help-menu-for-nsapp":{"identifier":"deny-set-as-help-menu-for-nsapp","description":"Denies the set_as_help_menu_for_nsapp command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_as_help_menu_for_nsapp"]}},"deny-set-as-window-menu":{"identifier":"deny-set-as-window-menu","description":"Denies the set_as_window_menu command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_as_window_menu"]}},"deny-set-as-windows-menu-for-nsapp":{"identifier":"deny-set-as-windows-menu-for-nsapp","description":"Denies the set_as_windows_menu_for_nsapp command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_as_windows_menu_for_nsapp"]}},"deny-set-checked":{"identifier":"deny-set-checked","description":"Denies the set_checked command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_checked"]}},"deny-set-enabled":{"identifier":"deny-set-enabled","description":"Denies the set_enabled command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_enabled"]}},"deny-set-icon":{"identifier":"deny-set-icon","description":"Denies the set_icon command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_icon"]}},"deny-set-text":{"identifier":"deny-set-text","description":"Denies the set_text command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_text"]}},"deny-text":{"identifier":"deny-text","description":"Denies the text command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["text"]}}},"permission_sets":{},"global_scope_schema":null},"core:path":{"default_permission":{"identifier":"default","description":"Default permissions for the plugin, which enables all commands.","permissions":["allow-resolve-directory","allow-resolve","allow-normalize","allow-join","allow-dirname","allow-extname","allow-basename","allow-is-absolute"]},"permissions":{"allow-basename":{"identifier":"allow-basename","description":"Enables the basename command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["basename"],"deny":[]}},"allow-dirname":{"identifier":"allow-dirname","description":"Enables the dirname command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["dirname"],"deny":[]}},"allow-extname":{"identifier":"allow-extname","description":"Enables the extname command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["extname"],"deny":[]}},"allow-is-absolute":{"identifier":"allow-is-absolute","description":"Enables the is_absolute command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["is_absolute"],"deny":[]}},"allow-join":{"identifier":"allow-join","description":"Enables the join command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["join"],"deny":[]}},"allow-normalize":{"identifier":"allow-normalize","description":"Enables the normalize command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["normalize"],"deny":[]}},"allow-resolve":{"identifier":"allow-resolve","description":"Enables the resolve command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["resolve"],"deny":[]}},"allow-resolve-directory":{"identifier":"allow-resolve-directory","description":"Enables the resolve_directory command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["resolve_directory"],"deny":[]}},"deny-basename":{"identifier":"deny-basename","description":"Denies the basename command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["basename"]}},"deny-dirname":{"identifier":"deny-dirname","description":"Denies the dirname command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["dirname"]}},"deny-extname":{"identifier":"deny-extname","description":"Denies the extname command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["extname"]}},"deny-is-absolute":{"identifier":"deny-is-absolute","description":"Denies the is_absolute command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["is_absolute"]}},"deny-join":{"identifier":"deny-join","description":"Denies the join command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["join"]}},"deny-normalize":{"identifier":"deny-normalize","description":"Denies the normalize command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["normalize"]}},"deny-resolve":{"identifier":"deny-resolve","description":"Denies the resolve command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["resolve"]}},"deny-resolve-directory":{"identifier":"deny-resolve-directory","description":"Denies the resolve_directory command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["resolve_directory"]}}},"permission_sets":{},"global_scope_schema":null},"core:resources":{"default_permission":{"identifier":"default","description":"Default permissions for the plugin, which enables all commands.","permissions":["allow-close"]},"permissions":{"allow-close":{"identifier":"allow-close","description":"Enables the close command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["close"],"deny":[]}},"deny-close":{"identifier":"deny-close","description":"Denies the close command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["close"]}}},"permission_sets":{},"global_scope_schema":null},"core:tray":{"default_permission":{"identifier":"default","description":"Default permissions for the plugin, which enables all commands.","permissions":["allow-new","allow-get-by-id","allow-remove-by-id","allow-set-icon","allow-set-menu","allow-set-tooltip","allow-set-title","allow-set-visible","allow-set-temp-dir-path","allow-set-icon-as-template","allow-set-show-menu-on-left-click"]},"permissions":{"allow-get-by-id":{"identifier":"allow-get-by-id","description":"Enables the get_by_id command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["get_by_id"],"deny":[]}},"allow-new":{"identifier":"allow-new","description":"Enables the new command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["new"],"deny":[]}},"allow-remove-by-id":{"identifier":"allow-remove-by-id","description":"Enables the remove_by_id command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["remove_by_id"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-icon":{"identifier":"allow-set-icon","description":"Enables the set_icon command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_icon"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-icon-as-template":{"identifier":"allow-set-icon-as-template","description":"Enables the set_icon_as_template command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_icon_as_template"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-menu":{"identifier":"allow-set-menu","description":"Enables the set_menu command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_menu"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-show-menu-on-left-click":{"identifier":"allow-set-show-menu-on-left-click","description":"Enables the set_show_menu_on_left_click command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_show_menu_on_left_click"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-temp-dir-path":{"identifier":"allow-set-temp-dir-path","description":"Enables the set_temp_dir_path command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_temp_dir_path"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-title":{"identifier":"allow-set-title","description":"Enables the set_title command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_title"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-tooltip":{"identifier":"allow-set-tooltip","description":"Enables the set_tooltip command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_tooltip"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-visible":{"identifier":"allow-set-visible","description":"Enables the set_visible command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_visible"],"deny":[]}},"deny-get-by-id":{"identifier":"deny-get-by-id","description":"Denies the get_by_id command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["get_by_id"]}},"deny-new":{"identifier":"deny-new","description":"Denies the new command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["new"]}},"deny-remove-by-id":{"identifier":"deny-remove-by-id","description":"Denies the remove_by_id command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["remove_by_id"]}},"deny-set-icon":{"identifier":"deny-set-icon","description":"Denies the set_icon command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_icon"]}},"deny-set-icon-as-template":{"identifier":"deny-set-icon-as-template","description":"Denies the set_icon_as_template command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_icon_as_template"]}},"deny-set-menu":{"identifier":"deny-set-menu","description":"Denies the set_menu command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_menu"]}},"deny-set-show-menu-on-left-click":{"identifier":"deny-set-show-menu-on-left-click","description":"Denies the set_show_menu_on_left_click command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_show_menu_on_left_click"]}},"deny-set-temp-dir-path":{"identifier":"deny-set-temp-dir-path","description":"Denies the set_temp_dir_path command without any pre-configured 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\ No newline at end of file
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set_badge_label command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_badge_label"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-closable":{"identifier":"allow-set-closable","description":"Enables the set_closable command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_closable"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-content-protected":{"identifier":"allow-set-content-protected","description":"Enables the set_content_protected command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_content_protected"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-cursor-grab":{"identifier":"allow-set-cursor-grab","description":"Enables the set_cursor_grab command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_cursor_grab"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-cursor-icon":{"identifier":"allow-set-cursor-icon","description":"Enables the set_cursor_icon command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_cursor_icon"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-cursor-position":{"identifier":"allow-set-cursor-position","description":"Enables the set_cursor_position command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_cursor_position"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-cursor-visible":{"identifier":"allow-set-cursor-visible","description":"Enables the set_cursor_visible command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_cursor_visible"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-decorations":{"identifier":"allow-set-decorations","description":"Enables the set_decorations command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_decorations"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-effects":{"identifier":"allow-set-effects","description":"Enables the set_effects command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_effects"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-enabled":{"identifier":"allow-set-enabled","description":"Enables the set_enabled command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_enabled"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-focus":{"identifier":"allow-set-focus","description":"Enables the set_focus command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_focus"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-focusable":{"identifier":"allow-set-focusable","description":"Enables the set_focusable command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_focusable"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-fullscreen":{"identifier":"allow-set-fullscreen","description":"Enables the set_fullscreen command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_fullscreen"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-icon":{"identifier":"allow-set-icon","description":"Enables the set_icon command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_icon"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-ignore-cursor-events":{"identifier":"allow-set-ignore-cursor-events","description":"Enables the set_ignore_cursor_events command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_ignore_cursor_events"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-max-size":{"identifier":"allow-set-max-size","description":"Enables the set_max_size command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_max_size"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-maximizable":{"identifier":"allow-set-maximizable","description":"Enables the set_maximizable command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_maximizable"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-min-size":{"identifier":"allow-set-min-size","description":"Enables the set_min_size command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_min_size"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-minimizable":{"identifier":"allow-set-minimizable","description":"Enables the set_minimizable command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_minimizable"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-overlay-icon":{"identifier":"allow-set-overlay-icon","description":"Enables the set_overlay_icon command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_overlay_icon"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-position":{"identifier":"allow-set-position","description":"Enables the set_position command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_position"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-progress-bar":{"identifier":"allow-set-progress-bar","description":"Enables the set_progress_bar command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_progress_bar"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-resizable":{"identifier":"allow-set-resizable","description":"Enables the set_resizable command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_resizable"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-shadow":{"identifier":"allow-set-shadow","description":"Enables the set_shadow command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_shadow"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-simple-fullscreen":{"identifier":"allow-set-simple-fullscreen","description":"Enables the set_simple_fullscreen command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_simple_fullscreen"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-size":{"identifier":"allow-set-size","description":"Enables the set_size command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_size"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-size-constraints":{"identifier":"allow-set-size-constraints","description":"Enables the set_size_constraints command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_size_constraints"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-skip-taskbar":{"identifier":"allow-set-skip-taskbar","description":"Enables the set_skip_taskbar command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_skip_taskbar"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-theme":{"identifier":"allow-set-theme","description":"Enables the set_theme command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_theme"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-title":{"identifier":"allow-set-title","description":"Enables the set_title command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_title"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-title-bar-style":{"identifier":"allow-set-title-bar-style","description":"Enables the set_title_bar_style command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_title_bar_style"],"deny":[]}},"allow-set-visible-on-all-workspaces":{"identifier":"allow-set-visible-on-all-workspaces","description":"Enables the set_visible_on_all_workspaces command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["set_visible_on_all_workspaces"],"deny":[]}},"allow-show":{"identifier":"allow-show","description":"Enables the show command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["show"],"deny":[]}},"allow-start-dragging":{"identifier":"allow-start-dragging","description":"Enables the start_dragging command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["start_dragging"],"deny":[]}},"allow-start-resize-dragging":{"identifier":"allow-start-resize-dragging","description":"Enables the start_resize_dragging command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["start_resize_dragging"],"deny":[]}},"allow-theme":{"identifier":"allow-theme","description":"Enables the theme command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["theme"],"deny":[]}},"allow-title":{"identifier":"allow-title","description":"Enables the title command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["title"],"deny":[]}},"allow-toggle-maximize":{"identifier":"allow-toggle-maximize","description":"Enables the toggle_maximize command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["toggle_maximize"],"deny":[]}},"allow-unmaximize":{"identifier":"allow-unmaximize","description":"Enables the unmaximize command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["unmaximize"],"deny":[]}},"allow-unminimize":{"identifier":"allow-unminimize","description":"Enables the unminimize command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":["unminimize"],"deny":[]}},"deny-available-monitors":{"identifier":"deny-available-monitors","description":"Denies the available_monitors command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["available_monitors"]}},"deny-center":{"identifier":"deny-center","description":"Denies the center command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["center"]}},"deny-close":{"identifier":"deny-close","description":"Denies the close command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["close"]}},"deny-create":{"identifier":"deny-create","description":"Denies the create command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["create"]}},"deny-current-monitor":{"identifier":"deny-current-monitor","description":"Denies the current_monitor command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["current_monitor"]}},"deny-cursor-position":{"identifier":"deny-cursor-position","description":"Denies the cursor_position command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["cursor_position"]}},"deny-destroy":{"identifier":"deny-destroy","description":"Denies the destroy command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["destroy"]}},"deny-get-all-windows":{"identifier":"deny-get-all-windows","description":"Denies the get_all_windows command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["get_all_windows"]}},"deny-hide":{"identifier":"deny-hide","description":"Denies the hide command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["hide"]}},"deny-inner-position":{"identifier":"deny-inner-position","description":"Denies the inner_position command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["inner_position"]}},"deny-inner-size":{"identifier":"deny-inner-size","description":"Denies the inner_size command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["inner_size"]}},"deny-internal-toggle-maximize":{"identifier":"deny-internal-toggle-maximize","description":"Denies the internal_toggle_maximize command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["internal_toggle_maximize"]}},"deny-is-always-on-top":{"identifier":"deny-is-always-on-top","description":"Denies the is_always_on_top command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["is_always_on_top"]}},"deny-is-closable":{"identifier":"deny-is-closable","description":"Denies the is_closable command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["is_closable"]}},"deny-is-decorated":{"identifier":"deny-is-decorated","description":"Denies the is_decorated command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["is_decorated"]}},"deny-is-enabled":{"identifier":"deny-is-enabled","description":"Denies the is_enabled command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["is_enabled"]}},"deny-is-focused":{"identifier":"deny-is-focused","description":"Denies the is_focused command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["is_focused"]}},"deny-is-fullscreen":{"identifier":"deny-is-fullscreen","description":"Denies the is_fullscreen command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["is_fullscreen"]}},"deny-is-maximizable":{"identifier":"deny-is-maximizable","description":"Denies the is_maximizable command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["is_maximizable"]}},"deny-is-maximized":{"identifier":"deny-is-maximized","description":"Denies the is_maximized command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["is_maximized"]}},"deny-is-minimizable":{"identifier":"deny-is-minimizable","description":"Denies the is_minimizable command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["is_minimizable"]}},"deny-is-minimized":{"identifier":"deny-is-minimized","description":"Denies the is_minimized command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["is_minimized"]}},"deny-is-resizable":{"identifier":"deny-is-resizable","description":"Denies the is_resizable command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["is_resizable"]}},"deny-is-visible":{"identifier":"deny-is-visible","description":"Denies the is_visible command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["is_visible"]}},"deny-maximize":{"identifier":"deny-maximize","description":"Denies the maximize command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["maximize"]}},"deny-minimize":{"identifier":"deny-minimize","description":"Denies the minimize command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["minimize"]}},"deny-monitor-from-point":{"identifier":"deny-monitor-from-point","description":"Denies the monitor_from_point command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["monitor_from_point"]}},"deny-outer-position":{"identifier":"deny-outer-position","description":"Denies the outer_position command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["outer_position"]}},"deny-outer-size":{"identifier":"deny-outer-size","description":"Denies the outer_size command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["outer_size"]}},"deny-primary-monitor":{"identifier":"deny-primary-monitor","description":"Denies the primary_monitor command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["primary_monitor"]}},"deny-request-user-attention":{"identifier":"deny-request-user-attention","description":"Denies the request_user_attention command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["request_user_attention"]}},"deny-scale-factor":{"identifier":"deny-scale-factor","description":"Denies the scale_factor command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["scale_factor"]}},"deny-set-always-on-bottom":{"identifier":"deny-set-always-on-bottom","description":"Denies the set_always_on_bottom command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_always_on_bottom"]}},"deny-set-always-on-top":{"identifier":"deny-set-always-on-top","description":"Denies the set_always_on_top command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_always_on_top"]}},"deny-set-background-color":{"identifier":"deny-set-background-color","description":"Denies the set_background_color command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_background_color"]}},"deny-set-badge-count":{"identifier":"deny-set-badge-count","description":"Denies the set_badge_count command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_badge_count"]}},"deny-set-badge-label":{"identifier":"deny-set-badge-label","description":"Denies the set_badge_label command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_badge_label"]}},"deny-set-closable":{"identifier":"deny-set-closable","description":"Denies the set_closable command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_closable"]}},"deny-set-content-protected":{"identifier":"deny-set-content-protected","description":"Denies the set_content_protected command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_content_protected"]}},"deny-set-cursor-grab":{"identifier":"deny-set-cursor-grab","description":"Denies the set_cursor_grab command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_cursor_grab"]}},"deny-set-cursor-icon":{"identifier":"deny-set-cursor-icon","description":"Denies the set_cursor_icon command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_cursor_icon"]}},"deny-set-cursor-position":{"identifier":"deny-set-cursor-position","description":"Denies the set_cursor_position command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_cursor_position"]}},"deny-set-cursor-visible":{"identifier":"deny-set-cursor-visible","description":"Denies the set_cursor_visible command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_cursor_visible"]}},"deny-set-decorations":{"identifier":"deny-set-decorations","description":"Denies the set_decorations command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_decorations"]}},"deny-set-effects":{"identifier":"deny-set-effects","description":"Denies the set_effects command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_effects"]}},"deny-set-enabled":{"identifier":"deny-set-enabled","description":"Denies the set_enabled command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_enabled"]}},"deny-set-focus":{"identifier":"deny-set-focus","description":"Denies the set_focus command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_focus"]}},"deny-set-focusable":{"identifier":"deny-set-focusable","description":"Denies the set_focusable command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_focusable"]}},"deny-set-fullscreen":{"identifier":"deny-set-fullscreen","description":"Denies the set_fullscreen command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_fullscreen"]}},"deny-set-icon":{"identifier":"deny-set-icon","description":"Denies the set_icon command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_icon"]}},"deny-set-ignore-cursor-events":{"identifier":"deny-set-ignore-cursor-events","description":"Denies the set_ignore_cursor_events command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_ignore_cursor_events"]}},"deny-set-max-size":{"identifier":"deny-set-max-size","description":"Denies the set_max_size command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_max_size"]}},"deny-set-maximizable":{"identifier":"deny-set-maximizable","description":"Denies the set_maximizable command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_maximizable"]}},"deny-set-min-size":{"identifier":"deny-set-min-size","description":"Denies the set_min_size command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_min_size"]}},"deny-set-minimizable":{"identifier":"deny-set-minimizable","description":"Denies the set_minimizable command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_minimizable"]}},"deny-set-overlay-icon":{"identifier":"deny-set-overlay-icon","description":"Denies the set_overlay_icon command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_overlay_icon"]}},"deny-set-position":{"identifier":"deny-set-position","description":"Denies the set_position command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_position"]}},"deny-set-progress-bar":{"identifier":"deny-set-progress-bar","description":"Denies the set_progress_bar command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_progress_bar"]}},"deny-set-resizable":{"identifier":"deny-set-resizable","description":"Denies the set_resizable command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_resizable"]}},"deny-set-shadow":{"identifier":"deny-set-shadow","description":"Denies the set_shadow command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_shadow"]}},"deny-set-simple-fullscreen":{"identifier":"deny-set-simple-fullscreen","description":"Denies the set_simple_fullscreen command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_simple_fullscreen"]}},"deny-set-size":{"identifier":"deny-set-size","description":"Denies the set_size command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_size"]}},"deny-set-size-constraints":{"identifier":"deny-set-size-constraints","description":"Denies the set_size_constraints command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_size_constraints"]}},"deny-set-skip-taskbar":{"identifier":"deny-set-skip-taskbar","description":"Denies the set_skip_taskbar command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_skip_taskbar"]}},"deny-set-theme":{"identifier":"deny-set-theme","description":"Denies the set_theme command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_theme"]}},"deny-set-title":{"identifier":"deny-set-title","description":"Denies the set_title command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_title"]}},"deny-set-title-bar-style":{"identifier":"deny-set-title-bar-style","description":"Denies the set_title_bar_style command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_title_bar_style"]}},"deny-set-visible-on-all-workspaces":{"identifier":"deny-set-visible-on-all-workspaces","description":"Denies the set_visible_on_all_workspaces command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["set_visible_on_all_workspaces"]}},"deny-show":{"identifier":"deny-show","description":"Denies the show command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["show"]}},"deny-start-dragging":{"identifier":"deny-start-dragging","description":"Denies the start_dragging command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["start_dragging"]}},"deny-start-resize-dragging":{"identifier":"deny-start-resize-dragging","description":"Denies the start_resize_dragging command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["start_resize_dragging"]}},"deny-theme":{"identifier":"deny-theme","description":"Denies the theme command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["theme"]}},"deny-title":{"identifier":"deny-title","description":"Denies the title command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["title"]}},"deny-toggle-maximize":{"identifier":"deny-toggle-maximize","description":"Denies the toggle_maximize command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["toggle_maximize"]}},"deny-unmaximize":{"identifier":"deny-unmaximize","description":"Denies the unmaximize command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["unmaximize"]}},"deny-unminimize":{"identifier":"deny-unminimize","description":"Denies the unminimize command without any pre-configured scope.","commands":{"allow":[],"deny":["unminimize"]}}},"permission_sets":{},"global_scope_schema":null}}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src-tauri/helper/DockHelper/main.swift b/src-tauri/helper/DockHelper/main.swift
index 387a9096..bc4431d8 100644
--- a/src-tauri/helper/DockHelper/main.swift
+++ b/src-tauri/helper/DockHelper/main.swift
@@ -140,7 +140,8 @@ final class DockHelperAppDelegate: NSObject, NSApplicationDelegate {
         let running = NSRunningApplication
             .runningApplications(withBundleIdentifier: mainBundleId)
             .filter { !$0.isTerminated }
-        if running.isEmpty {
+        let trackedPidIsAlive = running.isEmpty && (mainPid.map { kill($0, 0) == 0 } ?? false)
+        if running.isEmpty && !trackedPidIsAlive {
             NSApp.terminate(nil)
             return
         }
@@ -149,6 +150,9 @@ final class DockHelperAppDelegate: NSObject, NSApplicationDelegate {
             for app in running {
                 app.forceTerminate()
             }
+            if trackedPidIsAlive, let pid = mainPid {
+                kill(pid, SIGKILL)
+            }
             NSApp.terminate(nil)
             return
         }
diff --git a/src-tauri/permissions/dmnote-allow-all.json b/src-tauri/permissions/dmnote-allow-all.json
index 82e07c61..344f0b4f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/permissions/dmnote-allow-all.json
+++ b/src-tauri/permissions/dmnote-allow-all.json
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@
           "keys_set_counters",
           "keys_set_mode",
           "keys_update",
+          "keys_update_with_positions",
           "knob_positions_get",
           "knob_positions_update",
           "layer_groups_get",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/commands/app/update.rs b/src-tauri/src/commands/app/update.rs
index 94459d4a..8237af3e 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/commands/app/update.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/commands/app/update.rs
@@ -112,6 +112,8 @@ fn app_auto_update_windows(
 
     self_replace::self_replace(&temp_exe)?;
 
+    // 업데이트 종료 경로도 워치독 커버 — 여기서 행이면 커맨드가 무기한 매달림
+    state.arm_shutdown_watchdog("update-restart");
     state.shutdown();
     app.request_restart();
 
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/commands/keys/keys.rs b/src-tauri/src/commands/keys/keys.rs
index 7eccc77c..fe12fa69 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/commands/keys/keys.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/commands/keys/keys.rs
@@ -185,6 +185,13 @@ pub struct ResetModeResponse {
     pub mode: String,
 }
 
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct KeysWithPositionsResponse {
+    pub keys: KeyMappings,
+    pub positions: KeyPositions,
+}
+
 #[derive(Serialize)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub struct CustomTabChangePayload {
@@ -241,13 +248,40 @@ pub fn keys_update(
             &serde_json::json!({ "mode": &selected_key_type }),
         )?;
     }
-    state.sync_counters_with_keys(&updated);
-    app.emit("keys:counters", &state.snapshot_key_counters())?;
+    state.sync_counters_with_keys_and_emit(&app, &updated)?;
     state.obs_broadcast_counters();
     state.refresh_obs_snapshot();
     Ok(updated)
 }
 
+#[tauri::command]
+pub fn keys_update_with_positions(
+    state: State<'_, AppState>,
+    app: AppHandle,
+    mappings: KeyMappings,
+    positions: KeyPositions,
+) -> CmdResult<KeysWithPositionsResponse> {
+    let previous_mode = state.keyboard.current_mode();
+    let (keys, positions, selected_key_type) = state
+        .store
+        .update_keys_with_positions(mappings, positions)?;
+    state
+        .keyboard
+        .update_mappings_and_set_mode(keys.clone(), selected_key_type.clone());
+    app.emit("keys:changed", &keys)?;
+    app.emit("positions:changed", &positions)?;
+    if previous_mode != selected_key_type {
+        app.emit(
+            "keys:mode-changed",
+            &serde_json::json!({ "mode": &selected_key_type }),
+        )?;
+    }
+    state.sync_counters_with_keys_and_emit(&app, &keys)?;
+    state.obs_broadcast_counters();
+    state.refresh_obs_snapshot();
+    Ok(KeysWithPositionsResponse { keys, positions })
+}
+
 #[tauri::command]
 pub fn positions_update(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
@@ -297,7 +331,6 @@ pub fn keys_reset_all(state: State<'_, AppState>, app: AppHandle) -> CmdResult<R
     let knob_positions = crate::models::KnobPositions::new();
     let layer_groups = LayerGroups::new();
     let tab_note_overrides = crate::models::TabNoteOverrides::new();
-    let key_counters = zeroed_counters(&keys);
     let selected_key_type = "4key".to_string();
     let custom_tabs: Vec<CustomTab> = Vec::new();
     let cleared_tab_css_ids: Vec<String> = state
@@ -308,18 +341,17 @@ pub fn keys_reset_all(state: State<'_, AppState>, app: AppHandle) -> CmdResult<R
         .cloned()
         .collect();
 
-    state.store.update(|store| {
+    state.update_store_with_key_counter_mirror_and_emit(&app, |store| {
         reset_all_editor_data(store, &keys, &positions);
     })?;
 
-    for tab_id in &cleared_tab_css_ids {
-        state.unwatch_tab_css(tab_id);
-    }
-
     state
         .keyboard
         .update_mappings_and_set_mode(keys.clone(), selected_key_type.clone());
-    state.commit_key_counters_mirror(key_counters.clone());
+
+    for tab_id in &cleared_tab_css_ids {
+        state.unwatch_tab_css(tab_id);
+    }
 
     let mut note_patch = NoteSettingsPatch::default();
     let defaults = NoteSettings::default();
@@ -382,7 +414,6 @@ pub fn keys_reset_all(state: State<'_, AppState>, app: AppHandle) -> CmdResult<R
             &crate::commands::editor::css::TabCssResponse { tab_id, css: None },
         )?;
     }
-    app.emit("keys:counters", &key_counters)?;
     state.obs_broadcast_counters();
     state.refresh_obs_snapshot();
 
@@ -408,20 +439,16 @@ pub fn keys_reset_mode(
         });
     };
     let cleared_tab_css = snapshot.tab_css_overrides.contains_key(&mode);
-    let runtime_counters = state.snapshot_key_counters();
-
-    let updated = state.store.update(|store| {
-        store.key_counters = runtime_counters.clone();
+    let updated = state.update_store_with_key_counter_mirror_and_emit(&app, |store| {
         reset_mode_data(store, &mode, kind);
     })?;
 
+    state.keyboard.update_mappings(updated.keys.clone());
+
     if cleared_tab_css {
         state.unwatch_tab_css(&mode);
     }
 
-    state.keyboard.update_mappings(updated.keys.clone());
-    state.commit_key_counters_mirror(updated.key_counters.clone());
-
     app.emit("keys:changed", &updated.keys)?;
     app.emit("positions:changed", &updated.key_positions)?;
     app.emit("statPositions:changed", &updated.stat_positions)?;
@@ -438,7 +465,6 @@ pub fn keys_reset_mode(
             },
         )?;
     }
-    app.emit("keys:counters", &updated.key_counters)?;
     state.obs_broadcast_counters();
     state.refresh_obs_snapshot();
 
@@ -506,7 +532,7 @@ pub fn custom_tabs_create(
         .keyboard
         .update_mappings_and_set_mode(keys.clone(), id.clone());
     state.sync_counters_with_keys(&keys);
-    let counters_snapshot = state.reset_mode_counters(&id)?;
+    state.reset_mode_counters(&app, &id)?;
 
     app.emit(
         "customTabs:changed",
@@ -518,7 +544,6 @@ pub fn custom_tabs_create(
     app.emit("keys:changed", &keys)?;
     app.emit("positions:changed", &positions)?;
     app.emit("keys:mode-changed", &serde_json::json!({ "mode": &id }))?;
-    app.emit("keys:counters", &counters_snapshot)?;
     state.obs_broadcast_counters();
     state.refresh_obs_snapshot();
 
@@ -542,18 +567,14 @@ pub fn custom_tabs_delete(
             error: Some("not-found".to_string()),
         });
     };
-    let runtime_counters = state.snapshot_key_counters();
-
-    let updated = state.store.update(|store| {
-        store.key_counters = runtime_counters.clone();
+    let updated = state.update_store_with_key_counter_mirror_and_emit(&app, |store| {
         delete_custom_tab_data(store, &id, &plan);
     })?;
 
-    state.unwatch_tab_css(&id);
     state
         .keyboard
         .update_mappings_and_set_mode(updated.keys.clone(), updated.selected_key_type.clone());
-    state.commit_key_counters_mirror(updated.key_counters.clone());
+    state.unwatch_tab_css(&id);
 
     app.emit(
         "customTabs:changed",
@@ -580,7 +601,6 @@ pub fn custom_tabs_delete(
         "keys:mode-changed",
         &serde_json::json!({ "mode": &updated.selected_key_type }),
     )?;
-    app.emit("keys:counters", &updated.key_counters)?;
     state.obs_broadcast_counters();
     state.refresh_obs_snapshot();
 
@@ -662,8 +682,7 @@ pub fn custom_tabs_restore(
 
 #[tauri::command]
 pub fn keys_reset_counters(state: State<'_, AppState>, app: AppHandle) -> CmdResult<KeyCounters> {
-    let snapshot = state.reset_key_counters()?;
-    app.emit("keys:counters", &snapshot)?;
+    let snapshot = state.reset_key_counters(&app)?;
     state.obs_broadcast_counters();
     Ok(snapshot)
 }
@@ -674,8 +693,7 @@ pub fn keys_reset_counters_mode(
     app: AppHandle,
     mode: String,
 ) -> CmdResult<KeyCounters> {
-    let snapshot = state.reset_mode_counters(&mode)?;
-    app.emit("keys:counters", &snapshot)?;
+    let snapshot = state.reset_mode_counters(&app, &mode)?;
     state.obs_broadcast_counters();
     Ok(snapshot)
 }
@@ -687,8 +705,7 @@ pub fn keys_reset_single_counter(
     mode: String,
     key: String,
 ) -> CmdResult<KeyCounters> {
-    let snapshot = state.reset_single_key_counter(&mode, &key)?;
-    app.emit("keys:counters", &snapshot)?;
+    let snapshot = state.reset_single_key_counter(&app, &mode, &key)?;
     state.obs_broadcast_counters();
     Ok(snapshot)
 }
@@ -700,8 +717,7 @@ pub fn keys_set_counters(
     counters: KeyCounters,
 ) -> CmdResult<KeyCounters> {
     let keys_snapshot = state.store.snapshot().keys;
-    let updated = state.replace_key_counters(counters, &keys_snapshot)?;
-    app.emit("keys:counters", &updated)?;
+    let updated = state.replace_key_counters(&app, counters, &keys_snapshot)?;
     state.obs_broadcast_counters();
     Ok(updated)
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/commands/keys/sound.rs b/src-tauri/src/commands/keys/sound.rs
index d15316a1..c6fe5879 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/commands/keys/sound.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/commands/keys/sound.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use crate::errors::{CmdResult, CommandError};
 use crate::models::{AppStoreData, PendingProcessedWavReplacement, SoundLibraryEntry, SoundSource};
 use crate::state::{
     atomic_file::{prepare_atomic_replace, PreparedAtomicReplace},
+    local_asset_path::paths_have_same_identity,
     store::{
         move_staged_sound_deletions_to_trash, restore_staged_sound_deletions,
         stage_sound_files_for_deletion, PROCESSED_WAV_TRANSACTION_LOCK,
@@ -1053,30 +1054,7 @@ fn resolve_sound_path_key_from_keys(validated_path: &Path, stored_keys: &[String
 }
 
 fn canonical_paths_equivalent(left: &Path, right: &Path) -> bool {
-    #[cfg(windows)]
-    {
-        windows_canonical_path_key(left) == windows_canonical_path_key(right)
-    }
-    #[cfg(not(windows))]
-    {
-        left == right
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(windows)]
-fn windows_canonical_path_key(path: &Path) -> String {
-    let normalized = path
-        .to_string_lossy()
-        .replace('/', "\\")
-        .to_ascii_lowercase();
-    if let Some(rest) = normalized.strip_prefix("\\\\?\\unc\\") {
-        format!("\\\\{rest}")
-    } else {
-        normalized
-            .strip_prefix("\\\\?\\")
-            .unwrap_or(&normalized)
-            .to_string()
-    }
+    paths_have_same_identity(left, right)
 }
 
 fn canonicalize_sound_path(path: &Path) -> CmdResult<PathBuf> {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/commands/layout/overlay.rs b/src-tauri/src/commands/layout/overlay.rs
index 82175dbd..5a263e02 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/commands/layout/overlay.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/commands/layout/overlay.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub fn overlay_get(state: State<'_, AppState>) -> CmdResult<BootstrapOverlayStat
 }
 
 #[tauri::command]
-pub fn overlay_set_visible(
+pub async fn overlay_set_visible(
     state: State<'_, AppState>,
     app: AppHandle,
     visible: bool,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/main.rs b/src-tauri/src/main.rs
index c74e0885..88d4d679 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/main.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/main.rs
@@ -200,6 +200,7 @@ fn main() {
             commands::keys::keys::keys_get_counters,
             commands::keys::keys::positions_get,
             commands::keys::keys::keys_update,
+            commands::keys::keys::keys_update_with_positions,
             commands::keys::keys::positions_update,
             commands::keys::keys::keys_set_mode,
             commands::keys::keys::keys_reset_all,
@@ -278,7 +279,9 @@ fn main() {
     app.run(|app_handle, event| match event {
         tauri::RunEvent::ExitRequested { .. } | tauri::RunEvent::Exit => {
             if let Some(state) = app_handle.try_state::<AppState>() {
+                state.arm_shutdown_watchdog("RunEvent state shutdown");
                 state.shutdown();
+                state.set_shutdown_watchdog_stage("RunEvent process exit");
             }
         }
         #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/services/obs_bridge.rs b/src-tauri/src/services/obs_bridge.rs
index 1d61a15d..3f87adbf 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/services/obs_bridge.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/services/obs_bridge.rs
@@ -1375,6 +1375,8 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(is_allowed_command("app_bootstrap"));
         assert!(is_allowed_command("plugin_storage_clear_by_prefix"));
         assert!(!is_allowed_command("settings_update"));
+        assert!(!is_allowed_command("keys_update"));
+        assert!(!is_allowed_command("keys_update_with_positions"));
         assert!(!is_allowed_command("app_bootstrap_extra"));
         assert!(!is_allowed_command("plugin:window|close"));
         assert_eq!(build_allowed_list().len(), ALLOWED_WS_COMMANDS.len());
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/state/app_state.rs b/src-tauri/src/state/app_state.rs
index 3c287d27..24ddf2ed 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/state/app_state.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/state/app_state.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use std::{
 
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Result};
 use log::{error, warn};
-use parking_lot::RwLock;
+use parking_lot::{Mutex, RwLock};
 use serde_json::json;
 use tauri::{
     menu::{Menu, MenuItem},
@@ -32,9 +32,10 @@ use crate::{
     },
     keyboard::KeyboardManager,
     models::{
-        overlay_resize_anchor_from_str, BootstrapOverlayState, BootstrapPayload, DefaultsPayload,
-        KeyCounterSettings, KeyCounters, KeyMappings, KeySoundOutputBackendPersist, OverlayBounds,
-        OverlayResizeAnchor, SettingsDiff, SettingsState,
+        overlay_resize_anchor_from_str, AppStoreData, BootstrapOverlayState, BootstrapPayload,
+        DefaultsPayload, KeyCounterSettings, KeyCounters, KeyMappings,
+        KeySoundOutputBackendPersist, OverlayBounds, OverlayResizeAnchor, SettingsDiff,
+        SettingsState,
     },
     services::{css_watcher::CssWatcher, obs_bridge::ObsBridgeService, settings::SettingsService},
 };
@@ -47,6 +48,40 @@ const DEFAULT_OVERLAY_WIDTH: f64 = 860.0;
 const DEFAULT_OVERLAY_HEIGHT: f64 = 320.0;
 const OVERLAY_MARGIN: f64 = 40.0;
 const OVERLAY_BOUNDS_DEBOUNCE_MS: u64 = 400;
+const OVERLAY_CREATION_LOCK_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10);
+const SHUTDOWN_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5);
+const SHUTDOWN_WATCHDOG_EXIT_CODE: i32 = 1;
+
+struct ShutdownWatchdogState {
+    armed: bool,
+    stage: &'static str,
+}
+
+/// 카운터 write lock 내부 전용 이벤트 송신 경계
+/// 동기 Rust listener에서 AppState 카운터 API 재진입 금지
+pub(crate) trait KeyCounterEventEmitter {
+    fn emit_key_counters(&self, counters: &KeyCounters) -> Result<()>;
+    fn emit_key_counter(&self, mode: &str, key: &str, count: u32) -> Result<()>;
+}
+
+impl KeyCounterEventEmitter for AppHandle {
+    fn emit_key_counters(&self, counters: &KeyCounters) -> Result<()> {
+        self.emit("keys:counters", counters)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_key_counter(&self, mode: &str, key: &str, count: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        self.emit(
+            "keys:counter",
+            &json!({
+                "mode": mode,
+                "key": key,
+                "count": count,
+            }),
+        )?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
 
 fn should_create_overlay_on_startup(obs_mode_enabled: bool, overlay_visible: bool) -> bool {
     !obs_mode_enabled && overlay_visible
@@ -64,6 +99,9 @@ pub struct AppState {
     overlay_force_close: Arc<AtomicBool>,
     /// 오버레이 윈도우 초기화 중 Moved/Resized 이벤트에서 bounds 저장 억제
     overlay_initializing: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    /// 오버레이 생성·가시성 전환 single-flight 가드
+    /// 메인 스레드 이벤트 콜백에서 획득 금지 — setup 훅은 이벤트 루프 가동 전이라 예외
+    overlay_creation_lock: Mutex<()>,
     overlay_bounds_generation: Arc<AtomicU64>,
     keyboard_task: RwLock<Option<KeyboardDaemonTask>>,
     key_counters: Arc<RwLock<KeyCounters>>,
@@ -78,6 +116,7 @@ pub struct AppState {
     /// OBS 모드 시작 전 오버레이 가시성 상태 (복원용)
     obs_previous_overlay_visible: Arc<RwLock<Option<bool>>>,
     shutdown_started: AtomicBool,
+    shutdown_watchdog: Arc<Mutex<ShutdownWatchdogState>>,
 }
 
 impl AppState {
@@ -111,6 +150,7 @@ impl AppState {
             overlay_visible: Arc::new(RwLock::new(false)),
             overlay_force_close: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
             overlay_initializing: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
+            overlay_creation_lock: Mutex::new(()),
             overlay_bounds_generation: Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0)),
             keyboard_task: RwLock::new(None),
             key_counters,
@@ -121,6 +161,10 @@ impl AppState {
             obs_bridge,
             obs_previous_overlay_visible: Arc::new(RwLock::new(None)),
             shutdown_started: AtomicBool::new(false),
+            shutdown_watchdog: Arc::new(Mutex::new(ShutdownWatchdogState {
+                armed: false,
+                stage: "shutdown initialization",
+            })),
         })
     }
 
@@ -549,6 +593,15 @@ impl AppState {
 
     pub fn set_overlay_visibility(&self, app: &AppHandle, visible: bool) -> Result<()> {
         log::debug!("[IPC] set_overlay_visibility: visible={}", visible);
+        let _transition_guard = self
+            .overlay_creation_lock
+            .try_lock_for(OVERLAY_CREATION_LOCK_TIMEOUT)
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                anyhow!(
+                    "timed out after {} seconds waiting for overlay creation lock",
+                    OVERLAY_CREATION_LOCK_TIMEOUT.as_secs()
+                )
+            })?;
 
         if !visible {
             flush_deferred_overlay_bounds(&self.store, &self.overlay_bounds_generation)?;
@@ -559,7 +612,7 @@ impl AppState {
 
         if visible {
             // 오버레이를 열 때: 창이 없으면 생성하고 표시
-            let window = self.ensure_overlay_window(app)?;
+            let window = self.ensure_overlay_window_while_locked(app)?;
             let snapshot = self.store.snapshot();
             show_overlay_window(&window, snapshot.always_on_top)?;
 
@@ -625,6 +678,32 @@ impl AppState {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn arm_shutdown_watchdog(&self, stage: &'static str) {
+        {
+            let mut watchdog = self.shutdown_watchdog.lock();
+            if watchdog.armed {
+                return;
+            }
+            watchdog.armed = true;
+            watchdog.stage = stage;
+        }
+        let watchdog = self.shutdown_watchdog.clone();
+        thread::spawn(move || {
+            thread::sleep(SHUTDOWN_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT);
+            log::error!(
+                "[Shutdown] watchdog exceeded {} seconds during '{}'; forcing process exit with code {}",
+                SHUTDOWN_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT.as_secs(),
+                watchdog.lock().stage,
+                SHUTDOWN_WATCHDOG_EXIT_CODE
+            );
+            std::process::exit(SHUTDOWN_WATCHDOG_EXIT_CODE);
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set_shutdown_watchdog_stage(&self, stage: &'static str) {
+        self.shutdown_watchdog.lock().stage = stage;
+    }
+
     pub fn request_shutdown(&self, app_handle: AppHandle) {
         let overlay_force_close = self.overlay_force_close.clone();
         thread::spawn(move || {
@@ -1025,26 +1104,11 @@ impl AppState {
                                 continue;
                             };
                             if is_down && state_changed {
-                                if let Some(count) =
-                                    app_state.increment_key_counter(&mode, &key_label)
-                                {
-                                    log::trace!(
-                                        "[IPC] emit keys:counter: mode={}, key={}, count={}",
-                                        mode,
-                                        key_label,
-                                        count
-                                    );
-                                    if let Err(err) = app_handle.emit(
-                                        "keys:counter",
-                                        &json!({
-                                            "mode": mode.clone(),
-                                            "key": key_label.clone(),
-                                            "count": count,
-                                        }),
-                                    ) {
-                                        error!("failed to emit keys:counter event: {err}");
-                                    }
-                                }
+                                app_state.increment_key_counter_and_emit(
+                                    &app_handle,
+                                    &mode,
+                                    &key_label,
+                                );
                             }
                             if !state_changed {
                                 continue;
@@ -1230,6 +1294,14 @@ impl AppState {
         if let Some(window) = app.get_webview_window(OVERLAY_LABEL) {
             return Ok(window);
         }
+        let _creation_guard = self.overlay_creation_lock.lock();
+        self.ensure_overlay_window_while_locked(app)
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_overlay_window_while_locked(&self, app: &AppHandle) -> Result<WebviewWindow> {
+        if let Some(window) = app.get_webview_window(OVERLAY_LABEL) {
+            return Ok(window);
+        }
 
         let snapshot = self.store.snapshot();
         let monitor_data = MonitorData::gather(app);
@@ -1572,7 +1644,12 @@ impl AppState {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn increment_key_counter(&self, mode: &str, key: &str) -> Option<u32> {
+    pub(crate) fn increment_key_counter_and_emit(
+        &self,
+        emitter: &dyn KeyCounterEventEmitter,
+        mode: &str,
+        key: &str,
+    ) -> Option<u32> {
         if !self.key_counter_enabled.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
             return None;
         }
@@ -1580,24 +1657,56 @@ impl AppState {
         let mode_entry = counters.entry(mode.to_string()).or_default();
         let count = mode_entry.entry(key.to_string()).or_insert(0);
         *count = count.saturating_add(1);
-        Some(*count)
+        let count = *count;
+        log::trace!(
+            "[IPC] emit keys:counter: mode={}, key={}, count={}",
+            mode,
+            key,
+            count
+        );
+        let emit_result = emitter.emit_key_counter(mode, key, count);
+        drop(counters);
+        if let Err(err) = emit_result {
+            error!("failed to emit keys:counter event: {err}");
+        }
+        Some(count)
     }
 
     pub fn snapshot_key_counters(&self) -> KeyCounters {
         self.key_counters.read().clone()
     }
 
-    fn update_key_counters(&self, updater: impl FnOnce(&mut KeyCounters)) -> Result<KeyCounters> {
+    /// 카운터 변경과 전체 emit의 단일 write lock 경계
+    fn with_key_counters_write_and_emit<T>(
+        &self,
+        emitter: &dyn KeyCounterEventEmitter,
+        updater: impl FnOnce(&mut KeyCounters) -> Result<T>,
+    ) -> Result<T> {
         let mut guard = self.key_counters.write();
-        let mut scratch = guard.clone();
-        updater(&mut scratch);
-        let persisted = self.store.set_key_counters(scratch)?;
-        *guard = persisted.clone();
-        Ok(persisted)
+        let result = updater(&mut guard)?;
+        emitter.emit_key_counters(&guard)?;
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    fn update_key_counters_and_emit(
+        &self,
+        emitter: &dyn KeyCounterEventEmitter,
+        updater: impl FnOnce(&mut KeyCounters),
+    ) -> Result<KeyCounters> {
+        self.with_key_counters_write_and_emit(emitter, |guard| {
+            let mut scratch = guard.clone();
+            updater(&mut scratch);
+            let persisted = self.store.set_key_counters(scratch)?;
+            *guard = persisted.clone();
+            Ok(persisted)
+        })
     }
 
-    pub fn reset_key_counters(&self) -> Result<KeyCounters> {
-        self.update_key_counters(|counters| {
+    pub(crate) fn reset_key_counters(
+        &self,
+        emitter: &dyn KeyCounterEventEmitter,
+    ) -> Result<KeyCounters> {
+        self.update_key_counters_and_emit(emitter, |counters| {
             for mode_entry in counters.values_mut() {
                 for value in mode_entry.values_mut() {
                     *value = 0;
@@ -1606,19 +1715,24 @@ impl AppState {
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn replace_key_counters(
+    pub(crate) fn replace_key_counters(
         &self,
+        emitter: &dyn KeyCounterEventEmitter,
         counters: KeyCounters,
         keys: &KeyMappings,
     ) -> Result<KeyCounters> {
-        self.update_key_counters(|scratch| {
+        self.update_key_counters_and_emit(emitter, |scratch| {
             *scratch = counters;
             Self::sync_counters_with_keys_impl(scratch, keys);
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn reset_mode_counters(&self, mode: &str) -> Result<KeyCounters> {
-        self.update_key_counters(|counters| {
+    pub(crate) fn reset_mode_counters(
+        &self,
+        emitter: &dyn KeyCounterEventEmitter,
+        mode: &str,
+    ) -> Result<KeyCounters> {
+        self.update_key_counters_and_emit(emitter, |counters| {
             if let Some(entry) = counters.get_mut(mode) {
                 for value in entry.values_mut() {
                     *value = 0;
@@ -1627,8 +1741,13 @@ impl AppState {
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn reset_single_key_counter(&self, mode: &str, key: &str) -> Result<KeyCounters> {
-        self.update_key_counters(|counters| {
+    pub(crate) fn reset_single_key_counter(
+        &self,
+        emitter: &dyn KeyCounterEventEmitter,
+        mode: &str,
+        key: &str,
+    ) -> Result<KeyCounters> {
+        self.update_key_counters_and_emit(emitter, |counters| {
             if let Some(entry) = counters.get_mut(mode) {
                 if let Some(value) = entry.get_mut(key) {
                     *value = 0;
@@ -1641,8 +1760,21 @@ impl AppState {
         self.keyboard.clear_active_keys();
     }
 
-    pub(crate) fn commit_key_counters_mirror(&self, counters: KeyCounters) {
-        *self.key_counters.write() = counters;
+    /// 카운터 스냅샷·store 커밋·runtime mirror·전체 emit의 단일 write lock 경계
+    pub(crate) fn update_store_with_key_counter_mirror_and_emit(
+        &self,
+        emitter: &dyn KeyCounterEventEmitter,
+        updater: impl FnOnce(&mut AppStoreData),
+    ) -> Result<AppStoreData> {
+        self.with_key_counters_write_and_emit(emitter, |guard| {
+            let runtime_counters = guard.clone();
+            let updated = self.store.update(move |store| {
+                store.key_counters = runtime_counters;
+                updater(store);
+            })?;
+            *guard = updated.key_counters.clone();
+            Ok(updated)
+        })
     }
 
     pub fn persist_key_counters(&self) -> Result<KeyCounters> {
@@ -1656,6 +1788,17 @@ impl AppState {
         Self::sync_counters_with_keys_impl(&mut guard, keys);
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn sync_counters_with_keys_and_emit(
+        &self,
+        emitter: &dyn KeyCounterEventEmitter,
+        keys: &KeyMappings,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.with_key_counters_write_and_emit(emitter, |guard| {
+            Self::sync_counters_with_keys_impl(guard, keys);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+    }
+
     fn sync_counters_with_keys_impl(target: &mut KeyCounters, keys: &KeyMappings) {
         target.retain(|mode, _| keys.contains_key(mode));
         for (mode, key_list) in keys.iter() {
@@ -1943,6 +2086,10 @@ fn shutdown_application(app_handle: AppHandle, overlay_force_close: Arc<AtomicBo
         return;
     }
 
+    app_handle
+        .state::<AppState>()
+        .arm_shutdown_watchdog("background state shutdown");
+
     let main_hidden = app_handle
         .get_webview_window("main")
         .and_then(|window| window.is_visible().ok().map(|visible| !visible))
@@ -1956,6 +2103,7 @@ fn shutdown_application(app_handle: AppHandle, overlay_force_close: Arc<AtomicBo
             log::warn!("failed to persist main hidden state during shutdown: {err}");
         }
         state.shutdown();
+        state.set_shutdown_watchdog_stage("overlay window close");
     }
 
     if let Some(overlay) = app_handle.get_webview_window(OVERLAY_LABEL) {
@@ -1964,6 +2112,9 @@ fn shutdown_application(app_handle: AppHandle, overlay_force_close: Arc<AtomicBo
         }
     }
 
+    app_handle
+        .state::<AppState>()
+        .set_shutdown_watchdog_stage("main event loop exit dispatch");
     let app_for_exit = app_handle.clone();
     if let Err(err) = app_handle.run_on_main_thread(move || {
         remove_tray_icon(&app_for_exit);
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/state/atomic_file.rs b/src-tauri/src/state/atomic_file.rs
index ceac637d..b26b6dd8 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/state/atomic_file.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/state/atomic_file.rs
@@ -75,49 +75,30 @@ pub(crate) fn atomic_replace(path: &Path, content: &[u8], label: &str) -> Result
 
 #[cfg(all(test, unix))]
 pub(crate) mod test_support {
-    use std::os::raw::c_int;
-
-    const RLIMIT_FSIZE: c_int = 1;
-    const SIGXFSZ: c_int = 25;
-    const SIG_IGN: usize = 1;
-
-    #[repr(C)]
-    #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-    struct Rlimit {
-        current: u64,
-        maximum: u64,
-    }
-
-    unsafe extern "C" {
-        fn getrlimit(resource: c_int, limit: *mut Rlimit) -> c_int;
-        fn setrlimit(resource: c_int, limit: *const Rlimit) -> c_int;
-        fn signal(signal: c_int, handler: usize) -> usize;
-    }
-
     pub(crate) struct FileSizeLimit {
-        previous_limit: Rlimit,
-        previous_handler: usize,
+        previous_limit: libc::rlimit,
+        previous_handler: libc::sighandler_t,
     }
 
     impl FileSizeLimit {
-        pub(crate) fn set(bytes: u64) -> Self {
-            let mut previous_limit = Rlimit {
-                current: 0,
-                maximum: 0,
+        pub(crate) fn set(bytes: libc::rlim_t) -> Self {
+            let mut previous_limit = libc::rlimit {
+                rlim_cur: 0,
+                rlim_max: 0,
             };
-            let get_result = unsafe { getrlimit(RLIMIT_FSIZE, &mut previous_limit) };
+            let get_result = unsafe { libc::getrlimit(libc::RLIMIT_FSIZE, &mut previous_limit) };
             assert_eq!(get_result, 0, "getrlimit(RLIMIT_FSIZE) failed");
             assert!(
-                bytes <= previous_limit.maximum,
+                bytes <= previous_limit.rlim_max,
                 "requested file limit exceeds hard limit"
             );
 
-            let previous_handler = unsafe { signal(SIGXFSZ, SIG_IGN) };
-            let limited = Rlimit {
-                current: bytes,
-                maximum: previous_limit.maximum,
+            let previous_handler = unsafe { libc::signal(libc::SIGXFSZ, libc::SIG_IGN) };
+            let limited = libc::rlimit {
+                rlim_cur: bytes,
+                rlim_max: previous_limit.rlim_max,
             };
-            let set_result = unsafe { setrlimit(RLIMIT_FSIZE, &limited) };
+            let set_result = unsafe { libc::setrlimit(libc::RLIMIT_FSIZE, &limited) };
             assert_eq!(set_result, 0, "setrlimit(RLIMIT_FSIZE) failed");
 
             Self {
@@ -129,8 +110,8 @@ pub(crate) mod test_support {
 
     impl Drop for FileSizeLimit {
         fn drop(&mut self) {
-            let _ = unsafe { setrlimit(RLIMIT_FSIZE, &self.previous_limit) };
-            let _ = unsafe { signal(SIGXFSZ, self.previous_handler) };
+            let _ = unsafe { libc::setrlimit(libc::RLIMIT_FSIZE, &self.previous_limit) };
+            let _ = unsafe { libc::signal(libc::SIGXFSZ, self.previous_handler) };
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/state/local_asset_path.rs b/src-tauri/src/state/local_asset_path.rs
index 3ba4d39c..9da95fe7 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/state/local_asset_path.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/state/local_asset_path.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 use url::Url;
 
@@ -9,6 +9,41 @@ pub(crate) enum FileUrlPath {
     Invalid,
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn path_identity_key(path: &Path) -> String {
+    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+    {
+        windows_path_identity_key(&path.to_string_lossy())
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
+    {
+        path.to_string_lossy().to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn paths_have_same_identity(left: &Path, right: &Path) -> bool {
+    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+    {
+        path_identity_key(left) == path_identity_key(right)
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
+    {
+        left == right
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "windows", test))]
+fn windows_path_identity_key(value: &str) -> String {
+    let normalized = value.replace('/', "\\").to_ascii_lowercase();
+    if let Some(rest) = normalized.strip_prefix("\\\\?\\unc\\") {
+        format!("\\\\{rest}")
+    } else {
+        normalized
+            .strip_prefix("\\\\?\\")
+            .unwrap_or(&normalized)
+            .to_string()
+    }
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn file_url_to_path(value: &str) -> FileUrlPath {
     let trimmed = value.trim();
     let Some((scheme, _)) = trimmed.split_once(':') else {
@@ -63,9 +98,42 @@ fn hex_value(byte: u8) -> Option<u8> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::{file_url_to_path, FileUrlPath};
+    use super::{file_url_to_path, windows_path_identity_key, FileUrlPath};
     use std::path::PathBuf;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn windows_path_identity_normalizes_drive_paths_as_strings() {
+        let expected = windows_path_identity_key(r"C:\A\b.wav");
+        assert_eq!(expected, windows_path_identity_key("c:/a/B.wav"));
+        assert_eq!(expected, windows_path_identity_key(r"\\?\C:\A\b.wav"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn windows_path_identity_normalizes_unc_paths_as_strings() {
+        let expected = windows_path_identity_key(r"\\server\share\a.wav");
+        assert_eq!(
+            expected,
+            windows_path_identity_key(r"\\?\UNC\server\share\a.wav")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+    #[test]
+    fn windows_path_identity_matches_path_values() {
+        use super::path_identity_key;
+        use std::path::Path;
+
+        let drive = path_identity_key(Path::new(r"C:\A\b.wav"));
+        assert_eq!(drive, path_identity_key(Path::new("c:/a/B.wav")));
+        assert_eq!(drive, path_identity_key(Path::new(r"\\?\C:\A\b.wav")));
+
+        let unc = path_identity_key(Path::new(r"\\server\share\a.wav"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            unc,
+            path_identity_key(Path::new(r"\\?\UNC\server\share\a.wav"))
+        );
+    }
+
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
     #[test]
     fn decodes_file_url_without_treating_plus_as_space() {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/state/migration.rs b/src-tauri/src/state/migration.rs
index 056e2a59..ff134dc9 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/state/migration.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/state/migration.rs
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ pub(crate) fn load_store_from_path(path: &Path) -> Result<LoadedStore> {
                         value.get("keyPositions"),
                     );
                     needs_persist |= layout_repaired;
+                    needs_persist |= key_position_lengths_mismatch(&data.keys, &data.key_positions);
                     needs_persist |= !has_valid_selected_key_type(&data);
                     (
                         normalize_state(data),
@@ -150,12 +151,6 @@ fn migrate_legacy_knob_sensitivity(data: &mut AppStoreData) -> bool {
 fn repair_semantic_identities(data: &mut AppStoreData) -> bool {
     let mut changed = false;
 
-    for positions in data.knob_positions.values_mut() {
-        let original_len = positions.len();
-        positions.retain(|knob| !knob.axis_id.trim().is_empty());
-        changed |= positions.len() != original_len;
-    }
-
     let original_font_len = data.font_settings.custom_fonts.len();
     data.font_settings
         .custom_fonts
@@ -507,6 +502,12 @@ pub(crate) fn normalize_state(mut data: AppStoreData) -> AppStoreData {
         merge_default_positions(&mut data.key_positions, default_positions());
     }
 
+    if !has_valid_selected_key_type(&data) {
+        data.selected_key_type = "4key".to_string();
+    }
+
+    pad_key_position_lengths(&mut data.keys, &mut data.key_positions);
+
     // 레거시 마이그레이션: 전역 noteSettings.borderRadius → 키별 noteBorderRadius
     if let Some(legacy_border_radius) = data.note_settings.border_radius.take() {
         for positions in data.key_positions.values_mut() {
@@ -563,10 +564,6 @@ pub(crate) fn normalize_state(mut data: AppStoreData) -> AppStoreData {
         }
     }
 
-    if !has_valid_selected_key_type(&data) {
-        data.selected_key_type = "4key".to_string();
-    }
-
     let _ = data.custom_js.normalize();
 
     data
@@ -674,6 +671,50 @@ fn merge_default_positions(target: &mut KeyPositions, defaults: &KeyPositions) {
     }
 }
 
+/// 인덱스 결합 배열의 길이 보정
+pub(crate) fn pad_key_position_lengths(
+    keys: &mut KeyMappings,
+    positions: &mut KeyPositions,
+) -> bool {
+    let modes = keys
+        .keys()
+        .chain(positions.keys())
+        .cloned()
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    let mut changed = false;
+
+    for mode in modes {
+        let key_count = keys.get(&mode).map_or(0, Vec::len);
+        let position_count = positions.get(&mode).map_or(0, Vec::len);
+        if key_count > position_count {
+            log::warn!(
+                "[Store] Padding keyPositions mode '{mode}' from {position_count} to {key_count} entries"
+            );
+            positions
+                .entry(mode)
+                .or_default()
+                .resize(key_count, KeyPosition::default());
+            changed = true;
+        } else if position_count > key_count {
+            log::warn!(
+                "[Store] Padding keys mode '{mode}' from {key_count} to {position_count} entries"
+            );
+            keys.entry(mode)
+                .or_default()
+                .resize(position_count, String::new());
+            changed = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    changed
+}
+
+fn key_position_lengths_mismatch(keys: &KeyMappings, positions: &KeyPositions) -> bool {
+    keys.keys()
+        .chain(positions.keys())
+        .any(|mode| keys.get(mode).map_or(0, Vec::len) != positions.get(mode).map_or(0, Vec::len))
+}
+
 /// 키 카운터 기본값 병합
 fn merge_default_counters(target: &mut KeyCounters, keys: &KeyMappings) {
     for (mode, key_list) in keys.iter() {
@@ -1103,10 +1144,7 @@ fn has_valid_graph_identity(value: &Value) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn has_valid_knob_identity(value: &Value) -> bool {
-    value
-        .get("axisId")
-        .and_then(Value::as_str)
-        .is_some_and(|axis_id| !axis_id.trim().is_empty())
+    value.get("axisId").is_none_or(Value::is_string)
 }
 
 fn recover_key_position_entries(field: &str, value: &Value) -> Option<Value> {
@@ -1493,7 +1531,70 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn normal_load_repairs_semantically_invalid_font_and_knob_identities() {
+    fn load_pads_every_key_position_length_mismatch_without_compaction() {
+        let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+            "dmnote-key-position-length-load-{}.json",
+            uuid::Uuid::new_v4()
+        ));
+        let mut data = AppStoreData {
+            keys: default_keys().clone(),
+            key_positions: default_positions().clone(),
+            ..AppStoreData::default()
+        };
+        data.keys.get_mut("4key").unwrap().push("F5".to_string());
+        let preserved_position = KeyPosition {
+            dx: 987.0,
+            ..KeyPosition::default()
+        };
+        data.key_positions
+            .get_mut("5key")
+            .unwrap()
+            .push(preserved_position.clone());
+        data.keys.insert(
+            "keys-only".to_string(),
+            vec!["A".to_string(), "B".to_string()],
+        );
+        data.key_positions.insert(
+            "positions-only".to_string(),
+            vec![preserved_position.clone()],
+        );
+        std::fs::write(&path, serde_json::to_vec_pretty(&data).unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+        let loaded = load_store_from_path(&path).unwrap();
+        assert!(!loaded.repaired);
+        assert!(loaded.needs_persist);
+        assert_eq!(loaded.data.keys["4key"].last().unwrap(), "F5");
+        assert_eq!(
+            loaded.data.key_positions["4key"].last().unwrap(),
+            &KeyPosition::default()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            loaded.data.key_positions["5key"].last().unwrap(),
+            &preserved_position
+        );
+        assert!(loaded.data.keys["5key"].last().unwrap().is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(loaded.data.key_positions["keys-only"].len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(loaded.data.keys["positions-only"], vec![String::new()]);
+
+        let modes = loaded
+            .data
+            .keys
+            .keys()
+            .chain(loaded.data.key_positions.keys())
+            .collect::<std::collections::HashSet<_>>();
+        for mode in modes {
+            assert_eq!(
+                loaded.data.keys.get(mode).map_or(0, Vec::len),
+                loaded.data.key_positions.get(mode).map_or(0, Vec::len),
+                "mode {mode}"
+            );
+        }
+
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(path);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normal_load_preserves_unbound_knobs_while_repairing_invalid_fonts() {
         let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
             "dmnote-semantic-identity-load-{}.json",
             uuid::Uuid::new_v4()
@@ -1523,7 +1624,7 @@ mod tests {
             "4key".to_string(),
             vec![
                 KnobPosition {
-                    axis_id: "   ".to_string(),
+                    axis_id: String::new(),
                     sensitivity: 1.0,
                     reverse: false,
                     position: default_positions()["4key"][0].clone(),
@@ -1547,8 +1648,45 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(local.id, "local-font");
         assert!(!local.enabled);
         assert_eq!(local.local_path, None);
-        assert_eq!(loaded.data.knob_positions["4key"].len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(loaded.data.knob_positions["4key"][0].axis_id, "axis-valid");
+        assert_eq!(loaded.data.knob_positions["4key"].len(), 2);
+        assert!(loaded.data.knob_positions["4key"][0].axis_id.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(loaded.data.knob_positions["4key"][1].axis_id, "axis-valid");
+
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(path);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unbound_knob_survives_load_normalize_and_resave() {
+        let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+            "dmnote-unbound-knob-roundtrip-{}.json",
+            uuid::Uuid::new_v4()
+        ));
+        let mut data = AppStoreData {
+            keys: default_keys().clone(),
+            key_positions: default_positions().clone(),
+            ..AppStoreData::default()
+        };
+        data.knob_positions.insert(
+            "4key".to_string(),
+            vec![KnobPosition {
+                axis_id: String::new(),
+                sensitivity: 1.0,
+                reverse: false,
+                position: default_positions()["4key"][0].clone(),
+            }],
+        );
+        std::fs::write(&path, serde_json::to_vec_pretty(&data).unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+        let first = load_store_from_path(&path).unwrap();
+        assert!(!first.repaired);
+        assert!(first.data.knob_positions["4key"][0].axis_id.is_empty());
+
+        let normalized = normalize_state(first.data);
+        std::fs::write(&path, serde_json::to_vec_pretty(&normalized).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let second = load_store_from_path(&path).unwrap();
+        assert!(!second.repaired);
+        assert_eq!(second.data.knob_positions["4key"].len(), 1);
+        assert!(second.data.knob_positions["4key"][0].axis_id.is_empty());
 
         let _ = std::fs::remove_file(path);
     }
@@ -2070,7 +2208,10 @@ mod tests {
             loaded.data.key_positions["positions-damaged"],
             vec![KeyPosition::default(); 3]
         );
-        assert_eq!(loaded.data.keys["valid-mismatch"], vec!["Q"]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            loaded.data.keys["valid-mismatch"],
+            vec!["Q".to_string(), String::new()]
+        );
         assert_eq!(loaded.data.key_positions["valid-mismatch"].len(), 2);
         assert!(loaded.data.keys["missing-both"].is_empty());
         assert!(loaded.data.key_positions["missing-both"].is_empty());
@@ -2255,8 +2396,8 @@ mod tests {
             })
             .unwrap(),
         );
-        let mut invalid_knob = recoverable_knob.clone();
-        invalid_knob
+        let mut unbound_knob = recoverable_knob.clone();
+        unbound_knob
             .as_object_mut()
             .unwrap()
             .insert("axisId".to_string(), json!(""));
@@ -2281,7 +2422,7 @@ mod tests {
         fields.insert(
             "knobPositions".to_string(),
             json!({
-                "recovery-mode": [recoverable_knob, invalid_knob, invalid_knob_setting]
+                "recovery-mode": [recoverable_knob, unbound_knob, invalid_knob_setting]
             }),
         );
         std::fs::write(&path, serde_json::to_vec_pretty(&fixture).unwrap()).unwrap();
@@ -2291,19 +2432,22 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert_eq!(loaded.data.stat_positions["recovery-mode"].len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(loaded.data.graph_positions["recovery-mode"].len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(loaded.data.knob_positions["recovery-mode"].len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(loaded.data.knob_positions["recovery-mode"].len(), 2);
         let stat = &loaded.data.stat_positions["recovery-mode"][0];
         let graph = &loaded.data.graph_positions["recovery-mode"][0];
         let knob = &loaded.data.knob_positions["recovery-mode"][0];
+        let unbound_knob = &loaded.data.knob_positions["recovery-mode"][1];
         assert_eq!(stat.stat_type, StatType::Kps);
         assert_eq!(graph.graph_type, GraphType::Line);
         assert_eq!(knob.axis_id, "axis-recoverable");
+        assert!(unbound_knob.axis_id.is_empty());
         assert_eq!(stat.position.height, KeyPosition::default().height);
         assert_eq!(graph.position.height, KeyPosition::default().height);
         assert_eq!(knob.position.height, KeyPosition::default().height);
         assert_eq!(stat.position.sound_path, stat_position.sound_path);
         assert_eq!(graph.position.sound_path, graph_position.sound_path);
         assert_eq!(knob.position.sound_path, knob_position.sound_path);
+        assert_eq!(unbound_knob.position.sound_path, knob_position.sound_path);
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/state/store.rs b/src-tauri/src/state/store.rs
index 12e31585..6ef847b4 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/state/store.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/state/store.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use tauri::Runtime;
 
 use super::atomic_file::atomic_replace;
 use super::builtin_sounds::seed_builtin_sounds;
-use super::local_asset_path::{file_url_to_path, FileUrlPath};
+use super::local_asset_path::{file_url_to_path, path_identity_key, FileUrlPath};
 use super::migration::{
     find_legacy_store_file, load_store_from_path, migrate_key_images_to_app_data,
     migrate_local_fonts_to_app_data, normalize_state,
@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ impl AppStore {
             .with_context(|| format!("failed to create data directory at {}", dir.display()))?;
 
         let default_path = dir.join("store.json");
+        let had_existing_default_store = default_path.exists();
         let (path, mut state, mut needs_persist, skip_asset_sweep) = if default_path.exists() {
             let loaded = load_store_from_path(&default_path)?;
             if loaded.repaired {
@@ -139,6 +140,22 @@ impl AppStore {
             needs_persist = true;
         }
 
+        warn_unresolved_asset_references(&state);
+
+        if needs_persist && had_existing_default_store && !skip_asset_sweep {
+            match preserve_pre_migration_store(&path) {
+                Ok(Some(backup_path)) => log::info!(
+                    "[Store] Preserved pre-migration store at {}",
+                    backup_path.display()
+                ),
+                Ok(None) => {}
+                Err(err) => log::warn!(
+                    "[Store] Failed to preserve pre-migration store at {}: {err:#}",
+                    path.display()
+                ),
+            }
+        }
+
         let store = Self::new(path.clone(), state, skip_asset_sweep)?;
 
         if needs_persist || !path.exists() {
@@ -282,6 +299,26 @@ impl AppStore {
         )
     }
 
+    pub fn update_keys_with_positions(
+        &self,
+        mappings: KeyMappings,
+        positions: KeyPositions,
+    ) -> Result<(KeyMappings, KeyPositions, String)> {
+        self.update_committed(
+            move |state| {
+                state.keys = mappings;
+                state.key_positions = positions;
+            },
+            |state| {
+                (
+                    state.keys.clone(),
+                    state.key_positions.clone(),
+                    state.selected_key_type.clone(),
+                )
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
     pub fn update_positions(&self, positions: KeyPositions) -> Result<KeyPositions> {
         self.update_committed(
             move |state| state.key_positions = positions,
@@ -415,7 +452,7 @@ impl AppStore {
                 &mut trash_session,
             )?;
         } else {
-            log::warn!("[Fonts] Skipping asset sweep because a file URL could not be resolved");
+            log::warn!("[Fonts] Skipping asset sweep because a local path could not be resolved");
         }
         if referenced_images.complete {
             sweep_unreferenced_asset_files(
@@ -425,7 +462,7 @@ impl AppStore {
                 &mut trash_session,
             )?;
         } else {
-            log::warn!("[Images] Skipping asset sweep because a file URL could not be resolved");
+            log::warn!("[Images] Skipping asset sweep because a local path could not be resolved");
         }
         if referenced_sounds.complete {
             sweep_unreferenced_asset_files(
@@ -435,7 +472,7 @@ impl AppStore {
                 &mut trash_session,
             )?;
         } else {
-            log::warn!("[Sounds] Skipping asset sweep because a file URL could not be resolved");
+            log::warn!("[Sounds] Skipping asset sweep because a local path could not be resolved");
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -777,6 +814,29 @@ fn backup_store_file(path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     })
 }
 
+fn pre_migration_backup_path(path: &Path) -> Result<PathBuf> {
+    let mut file_name = path
+        .file_name()
+        .context("failed to resolve store file name")?
+        .to_os_string();
+    file_name.push(".pre-migration.bak");
+    Ok(path.with_file_name(file_name))
+}
+
+fn preserve_pre_migration_store(path: &Path) -> Result<Option<PathBuf>> {
+    let backup_path = pre_migration_backup_path(path)?;
+    match fs::hard_link(path, &backup_path) {
+        Ok(()) => Ok(Some(backup_path)),
+        Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists => Ok(None),
+        Err(err) => Err(err).with_context(|| {
+            format!(
+                "failed to create pre-migration backup at {}",
+                backup_path.display()
+            )
+        }),
+    }
+}
+
 fn initialize_default_state() -> AppStoreData {
     use crate::defaults::{default_keys, default_positions};
 
@@ -791,6 +851,7 @@ fn initialize_default_state() -> AppStoreData {
 struct AssetReferencePaths {
     keys: HashSet<String>,
     complete: bool,
+    unresolved_count: usize,
 }
 
 impl AssetReferencePaths {
@@ -798,6 +859,7 @@ impl AssetReferencePaths {
         Self {
             keys: HashSet::new(),
             complete: true,
+            unresolved_count: 0,
         }
     }
 
@@ -807,14 +869,29 @@ impl AssetReferencePaths {
         };
         match resolve_local_asset_path(path) {
             LocalAssetPathResolution::Path(path) => {
-                self.keys.insert(path_lookup_key(&path));
+                self.keys.insert(path_identity_key(&path));
+            }
+            LocalAssetPathResolution::Unresolved => {
+                self.complete = false;
+                self.unresolved_count += 1;
             }
-            LocalAssetPathResolution::InvalidFileUrl => self.complete = false,
             LocalAssetPathResolution::Ignored => {}
         }
     }
 }
 
+fn warn_unresolved_asset_references(data: &AppStoreData) {
+    for (category, count) in [
+        ("fonts", collect_local_font_paths(data).unresolved_count),
+        ("images", collect_local_image_paths(data).unresolved_count),
+        ("sounds", collect_local_sound_paths(data).unresolved_count),
+    ] {
+        if count > 0 {
+            log::warn!("[Assets] {category} sweep 보류: 해석 불가 참조 {count}건");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 fn collect_local_font_paths(data: &AppStoreData) -> AssetReferencePaths {
     let mut paths = AssetReferencePaths::new();
 
@@ -855,10 +932,7 @@ fn collect_local_sound_paths(data: &AppStoreData) -> AssetReferencePaths {
 
     // 사운드 라이브러리에 등록된 파일도 보호 (키에 할당 안 되어도 유지)
     for key in data.sound_library.keys() {
-        let normalized = PathBuf::from(key);
-        if normalized.is_absolute() {
-            paths.keys.insert(path_lookup_key(&normalized));
-        }
+        paths.collect(Some(key));
     }
 
     paths
@@ -895,7 +969,7 @@ fn iter_all_positions(data: &AppStoreData) -> impl Iterator<Item = &KeyPosition>
 
 enum LocalAssetPathResolution {
     Path(PathBuf),
-    InvalidFileUrl,
+    Unresolved,
     Ignored,
 }
 
@@ -918,11 +992,13 @@ fn resolve_local_asset_path(path: &str) -> LocalAssetPathResolution {
 
     match file_url_to_path(trimmed) {
         FileUrlPath::Path(path) => LocalAssetPathResolution::Path(path),
-        FileUrlPath::Invalid => LocalAssetPathResolution::InvalidFileUrl,
+        FileUrlPath::Invalid => LocalAssetPathResolution::Unresolved,
         FileUrlPath::NotFileUrl => {
             let path = PathBuf::from(trimmed);
             if path.is_absolute() {
                 LocalAssetPathResolution::Path(path)
+            } else if looks_like_unresolved_local_path(trimmed) {
+                LocalAssetPathResolution::Unresolved
             } else {
                 LocalAssetPathResolution::Ignored
             }
@@ -930,6 +1006,16 @@ fn resolve_local_asset_path(path: &str) -> LocalAssetPathResolution {
     }
 }
 
+fn looks_like_unresolved_local_path(value: &str) -> bool {
+    let bytes = value.as_bytes();
+    let has_windows_drive = bytes.len() >= 2 && bytes[0].is_ascii_alphabetic() && bytes[1] == b':';
+    has_windows_drive
+        || value.starts_with('\\')
+        || value.contains('/')
+        || value.contains('\\')
+        || Path::new(value).extension().is_some()
+}
+
 fn validate_pending_processed_wav_target(sounds_dir: &Path, value: &str) -> Result<PathBuf> {
     let target = PathBuf::from(value);
     if !target.is_absolute()
@@ -1048,19 +1134,6 @@ fn rollback_pending_processed_wav(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn path_lookup_key(path: &Path) -> String {
-    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
-    {
-        path.to_string_lossy()
-            .replace('/', "\\")
-            .to_ascii_lowercase()
-    }
-    #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
-    {
-        path.to_string_lossy().to_string()
-    }
-}
-
 fn recover_interrupted_processed_wav_replacements(
     sounds_dir: &Path,
 ) -> Result<SoundRecoveryOutcome> {
@@ -1134,7 +1207,9 @@ where
             Ok(false) => {}
             Err(err) => {
                 outcome.complete = false;
-                outcome.protected_keys.insert(path_lookup_key(&backup_path));
+                outcome
+                    .protected_keys
+                    .insert(path_identity_key(&backup_path));
                 log::warn!(
                     "[Sounds] Failed to inspect processed WAV target '{}': {err}",
                     target_path.display()
@@ -1145,7 +1220,9 @@ where
 
         if let Err(err) = rename(&backup_path, &target_path) {
             outcome.complete = false;
-            outcome.protected_keys.insert(path_lookup_key(&backup_path));
+            outcome
+                .protected_keys
+                .insert(path_identity_key(&backup_path));
             log::warn!(
                 "[Sounds] Failed to recover processed WAV '{}' from '{}': {err}",
                 target_path.display(),
@@ -1261,7 +1338,7 @@ pub(crate) fn stage_sound_files_for_deletion(
     let mut seen = HashSet::new();
 
     for source_path in source_paths {
-        let key = path_lookup_key(source_path);
+        let key = path_identity_key(source_path);
         if !seen.insert(key) {
             continue;
         }
@@ -1474,12 +1551,14 @@ where
         let Some(source_path) = sound_delete_source_path(&backup_path) else {
             continue;
         };
-        let referenced = referenced_keys.contains(&path_lookup_key(&source_path));
+        let referenced = referenced_keys.contains(&path_identity_key(&source_path));
         let source_exists = match source_path.try_exists() {
             Ok(exists) => exists,
             Err(error) => {
                 outcome.complete = false;
-                outcome.protected_keys.insert(path_lookup_key(&backup_path));
+                outcome
+                    .protected_keys
+                    .insert(path_identity_key(&backup_path));
                 log::warn!(
                     "[Sounds] Failed to inspect interrupted deletion source '{}': {error}",
                     source_path.display()
@@ -1490,7 +1569,9 @@ where
         if referenced && !source_exists {
             if let Err(error) = rename(&backup_path, &source_path) {
                 outcome.complete = false;
-                outcome.protected_keys.insert(path_lookup_key(&backup_path));
+                outcome
+                    .protected_keys
+                    .insert(path_identity_key(&backup_path));
                 log::warn!(
                     "[Sounds] Failed to restore interrupted deletion '{}' -> '{}': {error}",
                     backup_path.display(),
@@ -1565,7 +1646,7 @@ fn collect_sound_deletion_reference_keys(
         {
             continue;
         }
-        keys.insert(path_lookup_key(&sounds_dir.join(relative)));
+        keys.insert(path_identity_key(&sounds_dir.join(relative)));
     }
     keys
 }
@@ -1692,7 +1773,7 @@ fn sweep_unreferenced_asset_files(
         if !path.starts_with(target_dir) {
             continue;
         }
-        let key = path_lookup_key(&path);
+        let key = path_identity_key(&path);
         if referenced_path_keys.contains(&key) {
             continue;
         }
@@ -1743,8 +1824,9 @@ fn sweep_unreferenced_asset_files(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::{
-        collect_local_image_path_keys, collect_local_sound_path_keys, path_lookup_key,
-        purge_expired_trash_sessions_at, recover_interrupted_processed_wav_replacements_with,
+        collect_local_font_paths, collect_local_image_path_keys, collect_local_image_paths,
+        collect_local_sound_path_keys, collect_local_sound_paths, purge_expired_trash_sessions_at,
+        recover_interrupted_processed_wav_replacements_with,
         recover_interrupted_sound_deletions_with, stage_sound_files_for_deletion,
         sweep_unreferenced_asset_files, system_time_millis, AppStore, TrashSession,
         PROCESSED_WAV_TRANSACTION_LOCK, TRASH_RETENTION,
@@ -1754,17 +1836,17 @@ mod tests {
         keyboard::KeyboardManager,
         models::{
             AppStoreData, CustomFont, CustomTab, FontType, GraphPosition, GraphStatType, GraphType,
-            KnobPosition, OverlayBounds, PendingProcessedWavReplacement, SettingsPatchInput,
-            SoundLibraryEntry, SoundSource, StatPosition, StatType,
+            KeyCounters, KeyPosition, KnobPosition, OverlayBounds, PendingProcessedWavReplacement,
+            SettingsPatchInput, SoundLibraryEntry, SoundSource, StatPosition, StatType,
         },
         services::settings::apply_patch_to_store,
-        state::AppState,
+        state::{app_state::KeyCounterEventEmitter, local_asset_path::path_identity_key, AppState},
     };
     use serde_json::{json, Value};
     use std::{
         collections::HashSet,
         path::Path,
-        sync::{mpsc, Arc, Barrier},
+        sync::{mpsc, Arc, Barrier, Mutex},
         time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
     };
 
@@ -1772,6 +1854,64 @@ mod tests {
         std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("dmnote-{label}-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4()))
     }
 
+    struct TestCounterEmitter {
+        events: Arc<Mutex<Vec<String>>>,
+        mode: String,
+        key: String,
+        snapshot_emitted: Option<mpsc::Sender<()>>,
+        release_snapshot: Option<Mutex<mpsc::Receiver<()>>>,
+    }
+
+    impl TestCounterEmitter {
+        fn new(events: Arc<Mutex<Vec<String>>>, mode: String, key: String) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                events,
+                mode,
+                key,
+                snapshot_emitted: None,
+                release_snapshot: None,
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn blocking_snapshot(
+            events: Arc<Mutex<Vec<String>>>,
+            mode: String,
+            key: String,
+            snapshot_emitted: mpsc::Sender<()>,
+            release_snapshot: mpsc::Receiver<()>,
+        ) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                events,
+                mode,
+                key,
+                snapshot_emitted: Some(snapshot_emitted),
+                release_snapshot: Some(Mutex::new(release_snapshot)),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl KeyCounterEventEmitter for TestCounterEmitter {
+        fn emit_key_counters(&self, counters: &KeyCounters) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+            let count = counters[&self.mode][&self.key];
+            self.events
+                .lock()
+                .unwrap()
+                .push(format!("snapshot:{count}"));
+            if let Some(snapshot_emitted) = &self.snapshot_emitted {
+                snapshot_emitted.send(()).unwrap();
+            }
+            if let Some(release_snapshot) = &self.release_snapshot {
+                release_snapshot.lock().unwrap().recv().unwrap();
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+
+        fn emit_key_counter(&self, _mode: &str, _key: &str, count: u32) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+            self.events.lock().unwrap().push(format!("counter:{count}"));
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn keys_update_returns_the_normalized_mode_for_runtime_sync() {
         let dir = test_directory("keys-update-mode-sync-test");
@@ -1808,6 +1948,91 @@ mod tests {
         let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn keys_with_positions_commit_is_atomic_and_pads_without_deletion() {
+        let dir = test_directory("keys-positions-atomic-commit-test");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let store = AppStore::initialize_in_dir(&dir).unwrap();
+        let before = store.snapshot();
+        let disk_before = std::fs::read(dir.join("store.json")).unwrap();
+        let mut mappings = before.keys.clone();
+        mappings.get_mut("4key").unwrap().push("F5".to_string());
+        let mut positions = before.key_positions.clone();
+        positions
+            .get_mut("5key")
+            .unwrap()
+            .push(KeyPosition::default());
+
+        store.writer.fail_next_persist();
+        assert!(store
+            .update_keys_with_positions(mappings.clone(), positions.clone())
+            .is_err());
+        assert_eq!(store.snapshot(), before);
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(dir.join("store.json")).unwrap(), disk_before);
+
+        let persist_count = store.writer.persist_count();
+        let (keys, positions, _) = store
+            .update_keys_with_positions(mappings, positions)
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(store.writer.persist_count(), persist_count + 1);
+        assert_eq!(keys["4key"].last().unwrap(), "F5");
+        assert_eq!(positions["4key"].last().unwrap(), &KeyPosition::default());
+        assert!(keys["5key"].last().unwrap().is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(keys["4key"].len(), positions["4key"].len());
+        assert_eq!(keys["5key"].len(), positions["5key"].len());
+
+        store.flush_and_shutdown().unwrap();
+        drop(store);
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn legacy_single_collection_commits_preserve_key_position_lengths() {
+        let dir = test_directory("legacy-key-position-commit-length-test");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let store = AppStore::initialize_in_dir(&dir).unwrap();
+
+        let mut mappings = store.snapshot().keys;
+        mappings.get_mut("4key").unwrap().push("F5".to_string());
+        store.update_keys(mappings).unwrap();
+        let after_keys = store.snapshot();
+        assert_eq!(
+            after_keys.keys["4key"].len(),
+            after_keys.key_positions["4key"].len()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            after_keys.key_positions["4key"].last(),
+            Some(&KeyPosition::default())
+        );
+
+        let mut positions = after_keys.key_positions;
+        positions
+            .get_mut("5key")
+            .unwrap()
+            .push(KeyPosition::default());
+        store.update_positions(positions).unwrap();
+        let after_positions = store.snapshot();
+        assert_eq!(
+            after_positions.keys["5key"].len(),
+            after_positions.key_positions["5key"].len()
+        );
+        assert!(after_positions.keys["5key"].last().unwrap().is_empty());
+
+        store.flush_and_shutdown().unwrap();
+        drop(store);
+        let reloaded = crate::state::migration::load_store_from_path(&dir.join("store.json"))
+            .unwrap()
+            .data;
+        for mode in reloaded.keys.keys().chain(reloaded.key_positions.keys()) {
+            assert_eq!(
+                reloaded.keys.get(mode).map_or(0, Vec::len),
+                reloaded.key_positions.get(mode).map_or(0, Vec::len)
+            );
+        }
+
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn asset_cleanup_waits_for_an_active_processed_wav_transaction() {
         let dir = test_directory("processed-wav-cleanup-lock-test");
@@ -2010,6 +2235,7 @@ mod tests {
         store.flush_and_shutdown().unwrap();
 
         assert_eq!(std::fs::read(dir.join("store.json.bak")).unwrap(), original);
+        assert!(!dir.join("store.json.pre-migration.bak").exists());
         assert!(serde_json::from_slice::<AppStoreData>(&std::fs::read(path).unwrap()).is_ok());
 
         drop(store);
@@ -2315,7 +2541,10 @@ mod tests {
         let mode = snapshot.selected_key_type.clone();
         let key = snapshot.keys[&mode][0].clone();
         let mut counters = snapshot.key_counters;
-        counters.entry(mode.clone()).or_default().insert(key, 42);
+        counters
+            .entry(mode.clone())
+            .or_default()
+            .insert(key.clone(), 42);
         store.set_key_counters(counters).unwrap();
 
         let state = AppState::initialize(store).unwrap();
@@ -2323,8 +2552,9 @@ mod tests {
         let before_store = state.store.snapshot();
         let before_disk = std::fs::read(dir.join("store.json")).unwrap();
         state.store.writer.fail_next_persist();
+        let emitter = TestCounterEmitter::new(Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new())), mode, key);
 
-        assert!(state.reset_key_counters().is_err());
+        assert!(state.reset_key_counters(&emitter).is_err());
         assert_eq!(state.snapshot_key_counters(), before_runtime);
         assert_eq!(state.store.snapshot(), before_store);
         assert_eq!(std::fs::read(dir.join("store.json")).unwrap(), before_disk);
@@ -2334,6 +2564,83 @@ mod tests {
         let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn reset_snapshot_emit_precedes_waiting_increment_emit() {
+        let dir = test_directory("counter-mirror-race-test");
+        let store = AppStore::initialize_in_dir(&dir).unwrap();
+        let snapshot = store.snapshot();
+        let mode = snapshot.selected_key_type.clone();
+        let key = snapshot.keys[&mode][0].clone();
+        store
+            .update(|data| {
+                data.key_counter_enabled = true;
+                data.key_counters
+                    .entry(mode.clone())
+                    .or_default()
+                    .insert(key.clone(), 7);
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        let state = Arc::new(AppState::initialize(store).unwrap());
+        let events = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+        let (snapshot_emitted_tx, snapshot_emitted_rx) = mpsc::channel();
+        let (release_snapshot_tx, release_snapshot_rx) = mpsc::channel();
+        let reset_emitter = Arc::new(TestCounterEmitter::blocking_snapshot(
+            Arc::clone(&events),
+            mode.clone(),
+            key.clone(),
+            snapshot_emitted_tx,
+            release_snapshot_rx,
+        ));
+        let reset_state = Arc::clone(&state);
+        let reset_handle =
+            std::thread::spawn(move || reset_state.reset_key_counters(reset_emitter.as_ref()));
+        snapshot_emitted_rx
+            .recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(3))
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let (increment_started_tx, increment_started_rx) = mpsc::channel();
+        let (increment_done_tx, increment_done_rx) = mpsc::channel();
+        let increment_state = Arc::clone(&state);
+        let increment_mode = mode.clone();
+        let increment_key = key.clone();
+        let increment_emitter = TestCounterEmitter::new(
+            Arc::clone(&events),
+            increment_mode.clone(),
+            increment_key.clone(),
+        );
+        let increment_handle = std::thread::spawn(move || {
+            increment_started_tx.send(()).unwrap();
+            let count = increment_state.increment_key_counter_and_emit(
+                &increment_emitter,
+                &increment_mode,
+                &increment_key,
+            );
+            increment_done_tx.send(count).unwrap();
+        });
+        increment_started_rx.recv().unwrap();
+        assert!(increment_done_rx
+            .recv_timeout(Duration::from_millis(50))
+            .is_err());
+        assert_eq!(*events.lock().unwrap(), vec!["snapshot:0"]);
+
+        release_snapshot_tx.send(()).unwrap();
+        let reset_snapshot = reset_handle.join().unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(reset_snapshot[&mode][&key], 0);
+        assert_eq!(
+            increment_done_rx
+                .recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(3))
+                .unwrap(),
+            Some(1)
+        );
+        increment_handle.join().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(*events.lock().unwrap(), vec!["snapshot:0", "counter:1"]);
+        assert_eq!(state.snapshot_key_counters()[&mode][&key], 1);
+
+        state.shutdown();
+        drop(state);
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn existing_obs_token_is_reused_without_persist() {
         let dir = test_directory("obs-token-reuse-test");
@@ -2411,8 +2718,8 @@ mod tests {
         let image_paths = collect_local_image_path_keys(&data);
         let sound_paths = collect_local_sound_path_keys(&data);
         for kind in ["key", "stat", "graph", "knob"] {
-            assert!(image_paths.contains(&path_lookup_key(&root.join(format!("{kind}.png")))));
-            assert!(sound_paths.contains(&path_lookup_key(&root.join(format!("{kind}.wav")))));
+            assert!(image_paths.contains(&path_identity_key(&root.join(format!("{kind}.png")))));
+            assert!(sound_paths.contains(&path_identity_key(&root.join(format!("{kind}.wav")))));
         }
     }
 
@@ -2427,9 +2734,9 @@ mod tests {
             .insert("4key".to_string(), vec![position]);
 
         assert!(collect_local_image_path_keys(&data)
-            .contains(&path_lookup_key(Path::new("/tmp/dmnote-file-url.png"))));
+            .contains(&path_identity_key(Path::new("/tmp/dmnote-file-url.png"))));
         assert!(collect_local_sound_path_keys(&data)
-            .contains(&path_lookup_key(Path::new("/tmp/dmnote-file-url.wav"))));
+            .contains(&path_identity_key(Path::new("/tmp/dmnote-file-url.wav"))));
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
@@ -2513,6 +2820,356 @@ mod tests {
         let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn unresolved_path_like_values_skip_destructive_asset_sweeps() {
+        let dir = test_directory("unresolved-local-path-sweep-test");
+        let image_path = dir.join("images").join("unreferenced.png");
+        let sound_path = dir.join("sounds").join("unreferenced.wav");
+        for path in [&image_path, &sound_path] {
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(path.parent().unwrap()).unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(path, b"asset").unwrap();
+        }
+
+        let store = AppStore::initialize_in_dir(&dir).unwrap();
+        store
+            .update(|data| {
+                let position = &mut data.key_positions.get_mut("4key").unwrap()[0];
+                position.active_image = Some(r"\unresolved-image.png".to_string());
+                position.sound_path = Some("C:unresolved-sound.wav".to_string());
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+
+        store.cleanup_orphan_assets_now().unwrap();
+
+        assert!(image_path.exists());
+        assert!(sound_path.exists());
+        assert!(!dir.join("trash").exists());
+        store.flush_and_shutdown().unwrap();
+        drop(store);
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unresolved_asset_reference_counts_are_grouped_by_category() {
+        let mut data = AppStoreData::default();
+        data.font_settings.custom_fonts.push(CustomFont {
+            id: "unresolved-font".to_string(),
+            font_type: FontType::Local,
+            name: "Unresolved Font".to_string(),
+            display_name: "Unresolved Font".to_string(),
+            enabled: true,
+            local_path: Some("C:unresolved-font.ttf".to_string()),
+            css_content: None,
+        });
+        data.key_positions.insert(
+            "unresolved-mode".to_string(),
+            vec![KeyPosition {
+                active_image: Some(r"\unresolved-image.png".to_string()),
+                sound_path: Some("C:unresolved-sound.wav".to_string()),
+                ..KeyPosition::default()
+            }],
+        );
+        data.sound_library.insert(
+            r"\unresolved-library-sound.wav".to_string(),
+            SoundLibraryEntry::default(),
+        );
+
+        let fonts = collect_local_font_paths(&data);
+        let images = collect_local_image_paths(&data);
+        let sounds = collect_local_sound_paths(&data);
+
+        assert!(!fonts.complete);
+        assert!(!images.complete);
+        assert!(!sounds.complete);
+        assert_eq!(fonts.unresolved_count, 1);
+        assert_eq!(images.unresolved_count, 1);
+        assert_eq!(sounds.unresolved_count, 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tauri_1_6_1_literal_fixture_preserves_collections_and_assets_through_shutdown() {
+        let dir = test_directory("tauri-1-6-1-store-fixture-test");
+        let image_path = dir.join("images").join("unbound-knob.png");
+        let sound_path = dir.join("sounds").join("legacy-sound.wav");
+        for path in [&image_path, &sound_path] {
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(path.parent().unwrap()).unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(path, b"asset-fixture").unwrap();
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+        let stored_sound_path = {
+            let raw = sound_path.to_string_lossy();
+            if let Some(rest) = raw.strip_prefix(r"\\?\UNC\") {
+                format!(r"\\{rest}")
+            } else {
+                raw.strip_prefix(r"\\?\").unwrap_or(&raw).to_string()
+            }
+        };
+        #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
+        let stored_sound_path =
+            r"C:\Users\DmNote\AppData\Roaming\com.dmnote\sounds\legacy-sound.wav".to_string();
+
+        let tab_id = "legacy-custom-tab";
+        let fixture = r##"{
+  "hardwareAcceleration": true,
+  "alwaysOnTop": true,
+  "overlayLocked": false,
+  "overlayVisible": false,
+  "noteEffect": true,
+  "noteSettings": {
+    "frameLimit": 0,
+    "speed": 180,
+    "trackHeight": 150,
+    "reverse": false,
+    "fadePosition": "auto",
+    "fadeTopPx": 50,
+    "fadeBottomPx": 0,
+    "reverseFadeTopPx": 0,
+    "reverseFadeBottomPx": 50,
+    "delayedNoteEnabled": false,
+    "shortNoteThresholdMs": 50,
+    "shortNoteMinLengthPx": 30,
+    "keyDisplayDelayMs": 0
+  },
+  "selectedKeyType": "legacy-custom-tab",
+  "customTabs": [{ "id": "legacy-custom-tab", "name": "Legacy custom tab" }],
+  "angleMode": "d3d11",
+  "language": "ko",
+  "laboratoryEnabled": false,
+  "developerModeEnabled": false,
+  "trayEnabled": false,
+  "autoUpdateEnabled": true,
+  "mainWindowHidden": false,
+  "keys": { "legacy-custom-tab": ["F5"] },
+  "keyPositions": {
+    "legacy-custom-tab": [{
+      "dx": 10.0,
+      "dy": 20.0,
+      "width": 60.0,
+      "height": 60.0,
+      "activeImage": "",
+      "inactiveImage": "",
+      "count": 0,
+      "noteColor": "#FFFFFF",
+      "noteOpacity": 80
+    }]
+  },
+  "statPositions": {
+    "legacy-custom-tab": [{
+      "statType": "kps",
+      "dx": 80.0,
+      "dy": 20.0,
+      "width": 80.0,
+      "height": 40.0,
+      "activeImage": "",
+      "inactiveImage": "",
+      "count": 0,
+      "noteColor": "#FFFFFF",
+      "noteOpacity": 80
+    }]
+  },
+  "graphPositions": {
+    "legacy-custom-tab": [{
+      "statType": "kpsAvg",
+      "graphType": "line",
+      "graphSpeed": 1000,
+      "graphColor": "#24BBB4",
+      "showAvgLine": true,
+      "dx": 170.0,
+      "dy": 20.0,
+      "width": 160.0,
+      "height": 80.0,
+      "activeImage": "",
+      "inactiveImage": "",
+      "count": 0,
+      "noteColor": "#FFFFFF",
+      "noteOpacity": 80
+    }]
+  },
+  "knobPositions": {
+    "legacy-custom-tab": [{
+      "axisId": "",
+      "sensitivity": 1.40625,
+      "reverse": false,
+      "dx": 340.0,
+      "dy": 20.0,
+      "width": 80.0,
+      "height": 80.0,
+      "activeImage": __IMAGE_PATH_JSON__,
+      "inactiveImage": "",
+      "count": 0,
+      "noteColor": "#FFFFFF",
+      "noteOpacity": 80
+    }]
+  },
+  "layerGroups": {
+    "legacy-custom-tab": [{ "id": "legacy-group", "name": "Legacy group" }]
+  },
+  "keyCounters": { "legacy-custom-tab": { "F5": 3 } },
+  "backgroundColor": "transparent",
+  "useCustomCss": false,
+  "customCss": { "path": null, "content": "" },
+  "fontSettings": { "customFonts": [] },
+  "counterAnimationPresets": [],
+  "tabCssOverrides": {
+    "legacy-custom-tab": { "path": null, "content": "", "enabled": true }
+  },
+  "tabNoteOverrides": {
+    "legacy-custom-tab": { "speed": 200 }
+  },
+  "useCustomJs": false,
+  "customJs": { "path": null, "content": "", "plugins": [] },
+  "overlayResizeAnchor": "top-left",
+  "overlayBounds": null,
+  "overlayLastContentTopOffset": null,
+  "overlayBoundsAreLogical": false,
+  "keyCounterEnabled": true,
+  "gridSettings": {
+    "alignmentGuides": true,
+    "spacingGuides": true,
+    "sizeMatchGuides": true,
+    "minimapEnabled": true,
+    "gridSnapSize": 5,
+    "overlayPadding": 30
+  },
+  "shortcuts": {
+    "toggleOverlay": { "key": "KeyO", "ctrl": true, "shift": true, "alt": false, "meta": false },
+    "toggleOverlayLock": { "key": "", "ctrl": false, "shift": false, "alt": false, "meta": false },
+    "toggleAlwaysOnTop": { "key": "", "ctrl": false, "shift": false, "alt": false, "meta": false },
+    "switchKeyMode": { "key": "Tab", "ctrl": false, "shift": false, "alt": false, "meta": false },
+    "toggleSettingsPanel": { "key": "KeyB", "ctrl": true, "shift": false, "alt": false, "meta": false },
+    "zoomIn": { "key": "Equal", "ctrl": true, "shift": false, "alt": false, "meta": false },
+    "zoomOut": { "key": "Minus", "ctrl": true, "shift": false, "alt": false, "meta": false },
+    "resetZoom": { "key": "Digit0", "ctrl": true, "shift": false, "alt": false, "meta": false }
+  },
+  "soundLibrary": {
+    __SOUND_PATH_JSON__: {
+      "enabled": true,
+      "source": "local",
+      "originalPath": null,
+      "trimStartRatio": null,
+      "trimEndRatio": null,
+      "displayName": "Legacy sound"
+    }
+  },
+  "keySoundOutputBackend": null,
+  "obsModeEnabled": false,
+  "obsPort": 34891,
+  "obsToken": null
+}"##
+            .replace(
+                "__IMAGE_PATH_JSON__",
+                &serde_json::to_string(&image_path.to_string_lossy()).unwrap(),
+            )
+            .replace(
+                "__SOUND_PATH_JSON__",
+                &serde_json::to_string(&stored_sound_path).unwrap(),
+            );
+        let store_path = dir.join("store.json");
+        std::fs::write(&store_path, fixture.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+
+        let store = AppStore::initialize_in_dir(&dir).unwrap();
+        assert!(!store.skip_asset_sweep);
+        let snapshot = store.snapshot();
+        assert_eq!(snapshot.custom_tabs.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(snapshot.keys[tab_id], vec!["F5"]);
+        assert_eq!(snapshot.key_positions[tab_id].len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(snapshot.stat_positions[tab_id].len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(snapshot.graph_positions[tab_id].len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(snapshot.knob_positions[tab_id].len(), 1);
+        assert!(snapshot.knob_positions[tab_id][0].axis_id.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(snapshot.knob_positions[tab_id][0].sensitivity, 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(snapshot.layer_groups[tab_id].len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(snapshot.key_counters[tab_id]["F5"], 3);
+        assert!(snapshot.tab_css_overrides.contains_key(tab_id));
+        assert!(snapshot.tab_note_overrides.contains_key(tab_id));
+        assert!(snapshot.sound_library.contains_key(&stored_sound_path));
+        assert!(!snapshot.sound_library[&stored_sound_path].hidden);
+        assert!(!dir.join("store.json.bak").exists());
+        assert_eq!(
+            std::fs::read(dir.join("store.json.pre-migration.bak")).unwrap(),
+            fixture.as_bytes()
+        );
+
+        store.flush_cleanup_and_shutdown().unwrap();
+        drop(store);
+
+        assert!(image_path.exists());
+        assert!(sound_path.exists());
+        assert!(!dir.join("store.json.bak").exists());
+        let reloaded = crate::state::migration::load_store_from_path(&store_path).unwrap();
+        assert!(!reloaded.repaired);
+        assert_eq!(reloaded.data.custom_tabs.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(reloaded.data.keys[tab_id], vec!["F5"]);
+        assert_eq!(reloaded.data.key_positions[tab_id].len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(reloaded.data.stat_positions[tab_id].len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(reloaded.data.graph_positions[tab_id].len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(reloaded.data.knob_positions[tab_id].len(), 1);
+        assert!(reloaded.data.knob_positions[tab_id][0].axis_id.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(reloaded.data.layer_groups[tab_id].len(), 1);
+        assert!(reloaded.data.sound_library.contains_key(&stored_sound_path));
+
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pre_migration_backup_preserves_first_original_across_rewrites() {
+        let dir = test_directory("pre-migration-backup-test");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let store_path = dir.join("store.json");
+        let backup_path = dir.join("store.json.pre-migration.bak");
+        let first_original = br##"{
+  "hardwareAcceleration": true,
+  "alwaysOnTop": true,
+  "overlayLocked": false,
+  "noteEffect": false,
+  "selectedKeyType": "4key",
+  "angleMode": "d3d11",
+  "language": "ko",
+  "laboratoryEnabled": false,
+  "backgroundColor": "transparent",
+  "useCustomCss": false,
+  "overlayResizeAnchor": "top-left",
+  "overlayBounds": null,
+  "overlayLastContentTopOffset": null,
+  "soundLibrary": {
+    "C:\\legacy\\first.wav": { "enabled": true, "source": "local" }
+  }
+}"##;
+        std::fs::write(&store_path, first_original).unwrap();
+
+        let first = AppStore::initialize_in_dir(&dir).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&backup_path).unwrap(), first_original);
+        assert!(!dir.join("store.json.bak").exists());
+        first.flush_cleanup_and_shutdown().unwrap();
+        drop(first);
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&backup_path).unwrap(), first_original);
+
+        let mut second_input: Value =
+            serde_json::from_slice(&std::fs::read(&store_path).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        second_input["soundLibrary"]
+            .as_object_mut()
+            .unwrap()
+            .insert(
+                r"C:\legacy\second.wav".to_string(),
+                json!({ "enabled": true, "source": "local" }),
+            );
+        std::fs::write(
+            &store_path,
+            serde_json::to_vec_pretty(&second_input).unwrap(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let second = AppStore::initialize_in_dir(&dir).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&backup_path).unwrap(), first_original);
+        assert!(!dir.join("store.json.bak").exists());
+        second.flush_cleanup_and_shutdown().unwrap();
+        drop(second);
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&backup_path).unwrap(), first_original);
+
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn interrupted_sound_deletion_restores_files_still_referenced_by_store() {
         let dir = test_directory("sound-delete-startup-restore-test");
@@ -2581,7 +3238,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!recovery.complete);
         assert!(recovery
             .protected_keys
-            .contains(&path_lookup_key(&backup_path)));
+            .contains(&path_identity_key(&backup_path)));
         assert!(!sound_path.exists());
         assert!(backup_path.exists());
 
@@ -3272,8 +3929,8 @@ mod tests {
         std::fs::write(&temp_path, b"interrupted-new-wav").unwrap();
 
         let mut retained_keys = HashSet::from([
-            path_lookup_key(&first_target),
-            path_lookup_key(&second_target),
+            path_identity_key(&first_target),
+            path_identity_key(&second_target),
         ]);
         let rename_attempts = std::cell::Cell::new(0);
         let failed_backup = std::cell::RefCell::new(None);
diff --git a/src/renderer/api/modules/keysApi.ts b/src/renderer/api/modules/keysApi.ts
index 5eda54f4..43a76091 100644
--- a/src/renderer/api/modules/keysApi.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/api/modules/keysApi.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import type {
   KeyCounterUpdate,
   KeysModeResponse,
   KeysResetAllResponse,
+  ReadyUnsubscribe,
   Unsubscribe,
   ModeChangePayload,
   CustomTabsChangePayload,
@@ -26,6 +27,12 @@ export const keysApi = {
   getCounters: () => invoke<KeyCounters>('keys_get_counters'),
   update: (mappings: KeyMappings) =>
     invoke<KeyMappings>('keys_update', { mappings }),
+  // keys와 positions를 단일 store 트랜잭션으로 커밋 — 한쪽만 저장된 채 중단되는 불일치 방지
+  updateWithPositions: (mappings: KeyMappings, positions: KeyPositions) =>
+    invoke<{ keys: KeyMappings; positions: KeyPositions }>(
+      'keys_update_with_positions',
+      { mappings, positions },
+    ),
   getPositions: () => invoke<KeyPositions>('positions_get'),
   updatePositions: (positions: KeyPositions) =>
     invoke<KeyPositions>('positions_update', { positions }),
@@ -47,8 +54,9 @@ export const keysApi = {
     subscribe<KeyPositions>('positions:changed', listener),
   onModeChanged: (listener: (payload: ModeChangePayload) => void) =>
     subscribe<ModeChangePayload>('keys:mode-changed', listener),
-  onKeyState: (listener: (payload: KeyStatePayload) => void) =>
-    subscribe<KeyStatePayload>('keys:state', listener),
+  onKeyState: (
+    listener: (payload: KeyStatePayload) => void,
+  ): ReadyUnsubscribe => subscribe<KeyStatePayload>('keys:state', listener),
   onRawInput: (listener: (payload: RawInputPayload) => void): Unsubscribe => {
     let unsubscribeFn: (() => void) | null = null;
 
diff --git a/src/renderer/api/modules/shared.ts b/src/renderer/api/modules/shared.ts
index d5e3c791..632b7bbc 100644
--- a/src/renderer/api/modules/shared.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/api/modules/shared.ts
@@ -1,18 +1,27 @@
 import { invoke } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import { listen } from '@tauri-apps/api/event';
 
-import type { Unsubscribe } from '@src/types/plugin/api';
+import type { ReadyUnsubscribe } from '@src/types/plugin/api';
 import type { SettingsState, SettingsDiff } from '@src/types/settings/settings';
 
 // ── subscribe helper ────────────────────────────────────────────────
 export function subscribe<T>(
   event: string,
   listener: (payload: T) => void,
-): Unsubscribe {
+): ReadyUnsubscribe {
   const registration = listen<T>(event, ({ payload }) => listener(payload));
-  return () => {
-    registration.then((unlisten) => unlisten()).catch(() => undefined);
+  const ready = registration.then(() => undefined);
+  let unsubscribed = false;
+
+  void ready.catch(() => undefined);
+
+  const unsubscribe = () => {
+    if (unsubscribed) return;
+    unsubscribed = true;
+    void registration.then((unlisten) => unlisten()).catch(() => undefined);
   };
+
+  return Object.assign(unsubscribe, { ready });
 }
 
 // ── i18n internals (shared between i18nApi and the settings listener) ──
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/PropertiesPanel.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/PropertiesPanel.tsx
index a9055ea9..7da397f1 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/PropertiesPanel.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/PropertiesPanel.tsx
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ const PropertiesPanel: React.FC<PropertiesPanelProps> = ({
       // 모달·포털 메뉴 등 상위 레이어가 열려 있으면 그쪽이 Escape를 소유
       if (
         document.querySelector(
-          '[data-dmn-modal-backdrop="true"], [data-dmn-popup-submenu="true"], [role="dialog"]',
+          '[data-dmn-modal-backdrop="true"], [data-dmn-popup-layer="true"]',
         )
       ) {
         return;
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/PropertiesPanel/layer/LayerTabContent.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/PropertiesPanel/layer/LayerTabContent.tsx
index 9a910b82..dd874c66 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/PropertiesPanel/layer/LayerTabContent.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/PropertiesPanel/layer/LayerTabContent.tsx
@@ -807,6 +807,7 @@ const LayerTabContent: React.FC<LayerTabContentProps> = ({
         createPortal(
           <ListPopup
             open={actions.contextMenuOpen}
+            ariaLabel={t('common.more')}
             position={actions.contextMenuPosition}
             onClose={() => {
               actions.setContextMenuOpen(false);
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/PropertiesPanel/panelChrome.ts b/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/PropertiesPanel/panelChrome.ts
index 38e105e3..568d8108 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/PropertiesPanel/panelChrome.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/PropertiesPanel/panelChrome.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 // 사이드 패널 공통 크롬 — 재질/레이아웃 변경은 여기 한 곳에서
-// 프레임이 글래스 재질을 소유하고, 페이지 전환 시 콘텐츠 레이어만 슬라이드
+// 프레임이 재질을 소유하고, 페이지 전환 시 콘텐츠 레이어만 슬라이드
+// 상주 풀하이트 표면이라 라이브 블러 금지 — 고알파 솔리드 + 인셋 링으로 근사
 export const SIDE_PANEL_FRAME_CLASS =
-  'absolute right-0 top-0 bottom-0 w-[240px] bg-glass-panel backdrop-glass-popup shadow-elevation-panel z-30';
+  'absolute right-0 top-0 bottom-0 w-[240px] bg-glass-panel-solid shadow-elevation-panel z-30';
 
 // 구상 패널 루트 — 프레임을 꽉 채우는 투명 레이어
 export const PANEL_ROOT_CLASS = 'absolute inset-0 flex flex-col';
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/core/Grid.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/core/Grid.tsx
index b7fad0f8..6d609431 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/core/Grid.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/core/Grid.tsx
@@ -1841,6 +1841,7 @@ const Grid = ({
       <div className="relative">
         <ListPopup
           open={isContextOpen}
+          ariaLabel={t('common.more')}
           referenceRef={contextRef}
           position={contextPosition || undefined}
           onClose={() => {
@@ -2102,6 +2103,7 @@ const Grid = ({
       <div className="relative">
         <ListPopup
           open={isGridContextOpen}
+          ariaLabel={t('common.more')}
           position={gridContextClientPos || undefined}
           onClose={() => {
             setIsGridContextOpen(false);
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/core/GridMinimap.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/core/GridMinimap.tsx
index 2b7dadde..fb1310b4 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/core/GridMinimap.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/core/GridMinimap.tsx
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ const GridMinimap = ({
   return (
     <div
       ref={minimapRef}
-      className="absolute bottom-2 left-2 z-30 select-none bg-glass-dim backdrop-glass-popup rounded-[8px] shadow-elevation-chrome overflow-hidden"
+      className="absolute bottom-2 left-2 z-30 select-none bg-glass-dim-solid rounded-[8px] shadow-elevation-chrome overflow-hidden"
       style={{
         width: MINIMAP_WIDTH,
         opacity: shouldShow ? 1 : 0,
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/overlays/ZoomIndicator.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/overlays/ZoomIndicator.tsx
index 458aa8bf..c676c0f1 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/overlays/ZoomIndicator.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Grid/overlays/ZoomIndicator.tsx
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ const ZoomIndicator = ({ zoom }: ZoomIndicatorProps) => {
   // 미니맵 위에 위치: 미니맵(80px) + gap(8px) + bottom(8px) = 96px
   return (
     <div
-      className={`absolute bottom-[96px] left-2 bg-glass-dim backdrop-glass-popup rounded-[8px] shadow-elevation-chrome text-white/60 text-caption tabular-nums px-[8px] py-[4px] select-none pointer-events-none transition-opacity duration-base ${
+      className={`absolute bottom-[96px] left-2 bg-glass-dim-solid rounded-[8px] shadow-elevation-chrome text-white/60 text-caption tabular-nums px-[8px] py-[4px] select-none pointer-events-none transition-opacity duration-base ${
         isVisible ? 'opacity-100' : 'opacity-0'
       }`}
     >
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/FloatingPopup.test.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/FloatingPopup.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bec6fd41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/FloatingPopup.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+import React, { act } from 'react';
+import { createRoot, type Root } from 'react-dom/client';
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import FloatingPopup from './FloatingPopup';
+
+describe('FloatingPopup focus contract', () => {
+  let host: HTMLDivElement;
+  let root: Root;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    globalThis.IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT = true;
+    host = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.appendChild(host);
+    root = createRoot(host);
+  });
+
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await act(async () => root.unmount());
+    host.remove();
+    document.body.innerHTML = '';
+  });
+
+  const renderPopup = async (open: boolean, children: React.ReactNode) => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      root.render(
+        <FloatingPopup
+          open={open}
+          ariaLabel="Test popup"
+          fixedX={0}
+          fixedY={0}
+          animate={false}
+          onClose={() => undefined}
+        >
+          {children}
+        </FloatingPopup>,
+      );
+    });
+  };
+
+  it('consumes Tab and cycles focus in both directions', async () => {
+    await renderPopup(
+      true,
+      <>
+        <button type="button">First</button>
+        <button type="button">Last</button>
+      </>,
+    );
+
+    const buttons = Array.from(
+      document.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>(
+        '[role="dialog"][aria-modal="false"] button',
+      ),
+    );
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(buttons[0]);
+
+    const forward = new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+      key: 'Tab',
+      bubbles: true,
+      cancelable: true,
+    });
+    document.dispatchEvent(forward);
+    expect(forward.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(buttons[1]);
+
+    const wrapped = new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+      key: 'Tab',
+      bubbles: true,
+      cancelable: true,
+    });
+    document.dispatchEvent(wrapped);
+    expect(wrapped.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(buttons[0]);
+
+    const backward = new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+      key: 'Tab',
+      shiftKey: true,
+      bubbles: true,
+      cancelable: true,
+    });
+    document.dispatchEvent(backward);
+    expect(backward.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(buttons[1]);
+  });
+
+  it('consumes Tab and retains the dialog when no child is focusable', async () => {
+    await renderPopup(true, <span>Content</span>);
+    const dialog = document.querySelector<HTMLElement>(
+      '[role="dialog"][aria-modal="false"]',
+    );
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(dialog);
+
+    const event = new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+      key: 'Tab',
+      bubbles: true,
+      cancelable: true,
+    });
+    document.dispatchEvent(event);
+
+    expect(event.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(dialog);
+  });
+
+  it('respects child autoFocus and restores the opener after close', async () => {
+    const opener = document.createElement('button');
+    document.body.prepend(opener);
+    opener.focus();
+
+    await renderPopup(
+      true,
+      <>
+        <button type="button">First</button>
+        <input aria-label="Preferred" autoFocus />
+      </>,
+    );
+    expect(document.activeElement?.getAttribute('aria-label')).toBe(
+      'Preferred',
+    );
+
+    await renderPopup(false, null);
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(opener);
+  });
+
+  it('exposes an accessible dialog name', async () => {
+    await renderPopup(true, <button type="button">Action</button>);
+
+    expect(
+      document.querySelector('[role="dialog"]')?.getAttribute('aria-label'),
+    ).toBe('Test popup');
+  });
+
+  it('lets only the topmost popup consume Escape', async () => {
+    const closeBottom = vi.fn();
+    const closeTop = vi.fn();
+    await act(async () => {
+      root.render(
+        <>
+          <FloatingPopup
+            open
+            ariaLabel="Bottom popup"
+            fixedX={0}
+            fixedY={0}
+            animate={false}
+            onClose={closeBottom}
+          >
+            <button type="button">Bottom</button>
+          </FloatingPopup>
+          <FloatingPopup
+            open
+            ariaLabel="Top popup"
+            fixedX={10}
+            fixedY={10}
+            animate={false}
+            onClose={closeTop}
+          >
+            <button type="button">Top</button>
+          </FloatingPopup>
+        </>,
+      );
+    });
+
+    const event = new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+      key: 'Escape',
+      bubbles: true,
+      cancelable: true,
+    });
+    document.dispatchEvent(event);
+
+    expect(event.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+    expect(closeBottom).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(closeTop).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('uses opening order instead of DOM order for Escape ownership', async () => {
+    const closeBottom = vi.fn();
+    const closeTop = vi.fn();
+    const renderLayers = async (showTop: boolean) => {
+      await act(async () => {
+        root.render(
+          <>
+            {showTop && (
+              <FloatingPopup
+                key="top"
+                open
+                ariaLabel="Top popup"
+                animate={false}
+                onClose={closeTop}
+              >
+                <button type="button">Top</button>
+              </FloatingPopup>
+            )}
+            <FloatingPopup
+              key="bottom"
+              open
+              ariaLabel="Bottom popup"
+              animate={false}
+              onClose={closeBottom}
+            >
+              <button type="button">Bottom</button>
+            </FloatingPopup>
+          </>,
+        );
+      });
+    };
+
+    await renderLayers(false);
+    await renderLayers(true);
+    expect(
+      Array.from(document.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('[role="dialog"]'))
+        .map((element) => element.getAttribute('aria-label'))
+        .filter(Boolean),
+    ).toEqual(['Top popup', 'Bottom popup']);
+
+    const event = new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+      key: 'Escape',
+      bubbles: true,
+      cancelable: true,
+    });
+    document.dispatchEvent(event);
+
+    expect(event.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+    expect(closeBottom).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(closeTop).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/FloatingPopup.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/FloatingPopup.tsx
index 5b0f1bad..3ad6923f 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/FloatingPopup.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/FloatingPopup.tsx
@@ -9,9 +9,11 @@ import {
   autoUpdate,
   type Placement,
 } from '@floating-ui/react';
+import { isTopmostPopupLayer, registerPopupLayer } from './popupLayer';
 
-type FloatingPopupProps = {
+interface FloatingPopupBaseProps {
   open: boolean;
+  ariaLabel: string;
   referenceRef?: React.RefObject<HTMLElement>;
   placement?: string;
   offset?: number;
@@ -20,17 +22,168 @@ type FloatingPopupProps = {
   fixedX?: number;
   fixedY?: number;
   interactiveRefs?: Array<React.RefObject<HTMLElement>>;
-  onClose?: () => void;
+  onClose: () => void;
   className?: string;
   children?: React.ReactNode;
   autoClose?: boolean;
   closeOnScroll?: boolean; // 스크롤 시 닫을지 여부
   portalToBody?: boolean;
   animate?: boolean;
+  onKeyDown?: React.KeyboardEventHandler<HTMLDivElement>;
+  focusOriginRef?: React.MutableRefObject<HTMLElement | null>;
+}
+
+interface FloatingDialogPopupProps extends FloatingPopupBaseProps {
+  role?: 'dialog';
+  onMenuTab?: never;
+}
+
+interface FloatingMenuPopupProps extends FloatingPopupBaseProps {
+  role: 'menu';
+  onMenuTab: (event: KeyboardEvent) => void;
+}
+
+type FloatingPopupProps = FloatingDialogPopupProps | FloatingMenuPopupProps;
+
+const FOCUSABLE_SELECTOR = [
+  'a[href]',
+  'button:not([disabled])',
+  'input:not([disabled])',
+  'select:not([disabled])',
+  'textarea:not([disabled])',
+  '[contenteditable="true"]',
+  '[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])',
+].join(',');
+
+const getFocusableElements = (root: HTMLElement) =>
+  Array.from(root.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>(FOCUSABLE_SELECTOR)).filter(
+    (element) =>
+      !element.closest('[hidden], [aria-hidden="true"]') &&
+      element.getAttribute('aria-disabled') !== 'true',
+  );
+
+interface FloatingPopupSurfaceProps {
+  setFloating: (node: HTMLDivElement | null) => void;
+  style: React.CSSProperties;
+  className: string;
+  role: 'dialog' | 'menu';
+  ariaLabel: string;
+  onMenuTab?: (event: KeyboardEvent) => void;
+  onKeyDown?: React.KeyboardEventHandler<HTMLDivElement>;
+  focusOriginRef?: React.MutableRefObject<HTMLElement | null>;
+  children?: React.ReactNode;
+}
+
+const FloatingPopupSurface = ({
+  setFloating,
+  style,
+  className,
+  role,
+  ariaLabel,
+  onMenuTab,
+  onKeyDown,
+  focusOriginRef,
+  children,
+}: FloatingPopupSurfaceProps) => {
+  const surfaceRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
+  const prevFocusedRef = useRef<HTMLElement | null>(
+    typeof document !== 'undefined'
+      ? (document.activeElement as HTMLElement | null)
+      : null,
+  );
+
+  // 자식 팝업은 부모 모달의 layout 등록 뒤에 쌓여야 하므로 passive effect 사용
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const surface = surfaceRef.current;
+    if (!surface) return;
+    return registerPopupLayer(surface);
+  }, []);
+
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    const surface = surfaceRef.current;
+    if (!surface) return;
+    if (focusOriginRef) {
+      focusOriginRef.current = prevFocusedRef.current;
+    }
+    if (surface.contains(document.activeElement)) return;
+    const initialTarget =
+      role === 'menu'
+        ? surface.querySelector<HTMLElement>(
+            '[role^="menuitem"]:not(:disabled)',
+          ) ?? surface
+        : getFocusableElements(surface)[0] ?? surface;
+    initialTarget.focus();
+  }, [focusOriginRef, role]);
+
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    const prevFocused = prevFocusedRef.current;
+    return () => {
+      if (prevFocused && prevFocused.isConnected) {
+        prevFocused.focus();
+      }
+    };
+  }, []);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const onKey = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (event.key !== 'Tab' || event.defaultPrevented) return;
+      const surface = surfaceRef.current;
+      if (!isTopmostPopupLayer(surface)) return;
+
+      if (role === 'menu') {
+        onMenuTab?.(event);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      event.preventDefault();
+      const focusable = getFocusableElements(surface);
+      if (focusable.length === 0) {
+        surface.focus();
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const activeIndex = focusable.indexOf(
+        document.activeElement as HTMLElement,
+      );
+      const nextIndex =
+        activeIndex < 0
+          ? event.shiftKey
+            ? focusable.length - 1
+            : 0
+          : (activeIndex + (event.shiftKey ? -1 : 1) + focusable.length) %
+            focusable.length;
+      focusable[nextIndex].focus();
+    };
+
+    document.addEventListener('keydown', onKey);
+    return () => document.removeEventListener('keydown', onKey);
+  }, [onMenuTab, role]);
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      ref={(node) => {
+        setFloating(node);
+        surfaceRef.current = node;
+      }}
+      style={style}
+      className={className}
+      role={role}
+      aria-label={ariaLabel}
+      aria-modal={role === 'dialog' ? false : undefined}
+      data-dmn-popup-layer="true"
+      data-dmn-floating-popup="true"
+      tabIndex={-1}
+      onKeyDown={onKeyDown}
+    >
+      {children}
+    </div>
+  );
 };
 
 const FloatingPopup = ({
   open,
+  ariaLabel,
+  role = 'dialog',
   referenceRef,
   placement = 'top',
   offset = 20,
@@ -46,6 +199,9 @@ const FloatingPopup = ({
   closeOnScroll = false,
   portalToBody = false,
   animate = true,
+  onKeyDown,
+  onMenuTab,
+  focusOriginRef,
 }: FloatingPopupProps) => {
   const { x, y, refs, strategy, update } = useFloating({
     placement: placement as Placement,
@@ -70,10 +226,10 @@ const FloatingPopup = ({
     if (!open) return;
     const onKey = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
       if (e.key !== 'Escape' || e.defaultPrevented) return;
-      if (document.querySelector('[data-dmn-popup-submenu="true"]')) return;
+      if (!isTopmostPopupLayer(floatingRef.current)) return;
       // 이 레이어가 소비 — 하위 레이어(페이지·그리드 선택)로 내려가지 않게
       e.preventDefault();
-      onClose?.();
+      onClose();
     };
     document.addEventListener('keydown', onKey);
     return () => document.removeEventListener('keydown', onKey);
@@ -102,7 +258,7 @@ const FloatingPopup = ({
           target instanceof Element &&
           !!target.closest('[data-dmn-popup-submenu="true"]');
         if (isInsideSubMenu) return;
-        onClose?.();
+        onClose();
       };
 
       document.addEventListener('mousedown', onClickAway);
@@ -121,7 +277,7 @@ const FloatingPopup = ({
     if (!open || !closeOnScroll) return;
 
     const handleScroll = () => {
-      onClose?.();
+      onClose();
     };
 
     // 캡처 단계에서 모든 스크롤 이벤트 감지
@@ -252,7 +408,7 @@ const FloatingPopup = ({
         return;
       }
 
-      onClose?.();
+      onClose();
     };
 
     // 이벤트 리스너는 document에만 등록 (floatingEl은 동적으로 참조)
@@ -288,8 +444,8 @@ const FloatingPopup = ({
   }
 
   const floatingContent = (
-    <div
-      ref={(node) => {
+    <FloatingPopupSurface
+      setFloating={(node) => {
         refs.setFloating(node);
         floatingRef.current = node;
       }}
@@ -299,11 +455,14 @@ const FloatingPopup = ({
         top,
       }}
       className={`${className}${animate ? ' tooltip-fade-in' : ''}`}
-      role="dialog"
-      aria-modal="false"
+      role={role}
+      ariaLabel={ariaLabel}
+      onMenuTab={onMenuTab}
+      onKeyDown={onKeyDown}
+      focusOriginRef={focusOriginRef}
     >
       {children}
-    </div>
+    </FloatingPopupSurface>
   );
 
   // 위치 계산 전후에 렌더 루트가 바뀌지 않도록 필요 시 처음부터 body에 렌더링
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/ListPopup.test.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/ListPopup.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc68ad31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/ListPopup.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+import React, { act, useState } from 'react';
+import { createRoot, type Root } from 'react-dom/client';
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import ListPopup, { type ListItem } from './ListPopup';
+
+describe('ListPopup keyboard contract', () => {
+  let host: HTMLDivElement;
+  let root: Root;
+  let opener: HTMLButtonElement;
+  let nextButton: HTMLButtonElement;
+  let referenceRef: React.RefObject<HTMLElement>;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    globalThis.IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT = true;
+    opener = document.createElement('button');
+    opener.textContent = 'Open menu';
+    nextButton = document.createElement('button');
+    nextButton.textContent = 'After menu';
+    host = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.append(opener, nextButton, host);
+    root = createRoot(host);
+    referenceRef = { current: opener };
+    opener.focus();
+  });
+
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await act(async () => root.unmount());
+    document.body.innerHTML = '';
+  });
+
+  const renderMenu = async (items: ListItem[]) => {
+    const Harness = () => {
+      const [open, setOpen] = useState(true);
+      return (
+        <ListPopup
+          open={open}
+          ariaLabel="Actions"
+          referenceRef={referenceRef}
+          onClose={() => setOpen(false)}
+          items={items}
+        />
+      );
+    };
+
+    await act(async () => root.render(<Harness />));
+  };
+
+  it('uses menu semantics and arrow-key navigation', async () => {
+    await renderMenu([
+      { id: 'first', label: 'First' },
+      { id: 'second', label: 'Second' },
+    ]);
+
+    const menu = document.querySelector<HTMLElement>('[role="menu"]');
+    const items = Array.from(
+      document.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>('[role="menuitem"]'),
+    );
+    expect(menu?.getAttribute('aria-label')).toBe('Actions');
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(items[0]);
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      items[0].dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'ArrowDown',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(items[1]);
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      items[1].dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'ArrowUp',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(items[0]);
+  });
+
+  it('closes a nested menu on Tab and moves focus past its opener', async () => {
+    await renderMenu([
+      {
+        id: 'parent',
+        label: 'Parent',
+        children: [{ id: 'child', label: 'Child' }],
+      },
+    ]);
+
+    const parent =
+      document.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('[role="menuitem"]');
+    expect(parent).not.toBeNull();
+    await act(async () => {
+      parent?.dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'ArrowRight',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+
+    const submenu = document.querySelector<HTMLElement>(
+      '[data-dmn-popup-submenu="true"]',
+    );
+    expect(submenu).not.toBeNull();
+    expect(document.activeElement?.textContent).toBe('Child');
+
+    const tab = new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+      key: 'Tab',
+      bubbles: true,
+      cancelable: true,
+    });
+    await act(async () => document.dispatchEvent(tab));
+
+    expect(tab.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+    expect(document.querySelector('[role="menu"]')).toBeNull();
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(nextButton);
+  });
+
+  it('keeps Tab navigation inside the opener modal', async () => {
+    const modal = document.createElement('div');
+    modal.dataset.dmnModalBackdrop = 'true';
+    const beforeButton = document.createElement('button');
+    beforeButton.textContent = 'Before menu';
+    modal.append(beforeButton, opener);
+    document.body.insertBefore(modal, nextButton);
+    opener.focus();
+
+    await renderMenu([{ id: 'first', label: 'First' }]);
+    expect(document.activeElement?.textContent).toBe('First');
+
+    const tab = new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+      key: 'Tab',
+      bubbles: true,
+      cancelable: true,
+    });
+    await act(async () => document.dispatchEvent(tab));
+
+    expect(tab.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+    expect(document.querySelector('[role="menu"]')).toBeNull();
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(beforeButton);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/ListPopup.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/ListPopup.tsx
index 21a04b01..4194a57d 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/ListPopup.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/ListPopup.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import React, { useState, useRef, useEffect, useLayoutEffect } from 'react';
-import { createPortal } from 'react-dom';
+import { createPortal, flushSync } from 'react-dom';
 import FloatingPopup from './FloatingPopup';
+import { isTopmostPopupLayer, registerPopupLayer } from './popupLayer';
 import { useLenis } from '@hooks/useLenis';
 
 export type ListItem = {
@@ -19,9 +20,10 @@ export type ListItem = {
 
 interface ListPopupProps {
   open: boolean;
+  ariaLabel: string;
   referenceRef?: React.RefObject<HTMLElement>;
   position?: { x: number; y: number };
-  onClose?: () => void;
+  onClose: () => void;
   items: ListItem[];
   onSelect?: (id: string) => void;
   className?: string;
@@ -31,25 +33,102 @@ interface ListPopupProps {
   maxVisibleItems?: number;
 }
 
+const DOCUMENT_FOCUSABLE_SELECTOR = [
+  'a[href]',
+  'button:not([disabled])',
+  'input:not([disabled])',
+  'select:not([disabled])',
+  'textarea:not([disabled])',
+  '[contenteditable="true"]',
+  '[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])',
+].join(',');
+
+const getAdjacentFocusTarget = (
+  origin: HTMLElement | null,
+  reverse: boolean,
+) => {
+  const modalScope = origin?.closest<HTMLElement>(
+    '[data-dmn-modal-backdrop="true"]',
+  );
+  const focusScope: ParentNode = modalScope ?? document;
+  const focusable = Array.from(
+    focusScope.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>(DOCUMENT_FOCUSABLE_SELECTOR),
+  ).filter(
+    (element) =>
+      !element.closest(
+        '[hidden], [aria-hidden="true"], [data-dmn-popup-layer="true"]',
+      ) && element.getAttribute('aria-disabled') !== 'true',
+  );
+  const originIndex = origin ? focusable.indexOf(origin) : -1;
+  if (originIndex < 0) {
+    return reverse ? focusable[focusable.length - 1] : focusable[0];
+  }
+  const adjacent = focusable[originIndex + (reverse ? -1 : 1)];
+  if (adjacent || !modalScope) return adjacent ?? origin;
+  return reverse ? focusable[focusable.length - 1] : focusable[0];
+};
+
+const getMenuItems = (menu: HTMLElement) =>
+  Array.from(
+    menu.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>(
+      '[role^="menuitem"]:not(:disabled)',
+    ),
+  );
+
+const handleMenuNavigation = (event: React.KeyboardEvent<HTMLElement>) => {
+  if (event.defaultPrevented) return;
+  const items = getMenuItems(event.currentTarget);
+  if (items.length === 0) return;
+
+  const activeIndex = items.indexOf(
+    document.activeElement as HTMLButtonElement,
+  );
+  let nextIndex: number | null = null;
+  if (event.key === 'ArrowDown') {
+    nextIndex = activeIndex < 0 ? 0 : (activeIndex + 1) % items.length;
+  } else if (event.key === 'ArrowUp') {
+    nextIndex =
+      activeIndex < 0
+        ? items.length - 1
+        : (activeIndex - 1 + items.length) % items.length;
+  } else if (event.key === 'Home') {
+    nextIndex = 0;
+  } else if (event.key === 'End') {
+    nextIndex = items.length - 1;
+  }
+
+  if (nextIndex == null) return;
+  event.preventDefault();
+  items[nextIndex].focus();
+};
+
 /** 서브메뉴 컴포넌트 (호버 시 표시) */
 const SubMenu = ({
+  ariaLabel,
   items,
   onSelect,
   onCloseAll,
+  onMenuTab,
   maxVisibleItems,
   anchorRect,
+  parentItemRef,
+  focusFirst,
   onMouseEnter,
   onMouseLeave,
   onRequestClose,
 }: {
+  ariaLabel: string;
   items: ListItem[];
   onSelect?: (id: string) => void;
-  onCloseAll?: () => void;
+  onCloseAll: () => void;
+  onMenuTab: (event: KeyboardEvent) => void;
   maxVisibleItems?: number;
   anchorRect: DOMRect | null;
+  parentItemRef: React.RefObject<HTMLButtonElement | null>;
+  focusFirst: boolean;
   onMouseEnter?: () => void;
   onMouseLeave?: () => void;
-  onRequestClose?: () => void;
+  onRequestClose: () => void;
 }) => {
   const subMenuRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
   const siblingActiveRef = useRef<{
@@ -63,16 +142,29 @@ const SubMenu = ({
     top: number;
   } | null>(null);
 
-  // Escape 소유 — 열린 동안 최상위 레이어이므로 소비 후 자신만 닫기
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    const element = subMenuRef.current;
+    if (!element) return;
+    return registerPopupLayer(element);
+  }, [anchorRect]);
+
+  // 최상위 서브메뉴만 키보드 종료를 소유
   useEffect(() => {
     const onKey = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
-      if (e.key !== 'Escape' || e.defaultPrevented) return;
+      if (e.defaultPrevented || !isTopmostPopupLayer(subMenuRef.current))
+        return;
+      if (e.key === 'Tab') {
+        onMenuTab(e);
+        return;
+      }
+      if (e.key !== 'Escape') return;
       e.preventDefault();
-      onRequestClose?.();
+      flushSync(onRequestClose);
+      parentItemRef.current?.focus();
     };
     document.addEventListener('keydown', onKey);
     return () => document.removeEventListener('keydown', onKey);
-  }, [onRequestClose]);
+  }, [onMenuTab, onRequestClose, parentItemRef]);
 
   useLayoutEffect(() => {
     const el = subMenuRef.current;
@@ -101,6 +193,14 @@ const SubMenu = ({
     );
   }, [anchorRect, items.length]);
 
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    if (!focusFirst || !pos) return;
+    const firstItem = subMenuRef.current
+      ? getMenuItems(subMenuRef.current)[0]
+      : null;
+    firstItem?.focus();
+  }, [focusFirst, pos]);
+
   const itemHeight = 26;
   const itemGap = 4;
   const separatorCount = items.filter((i) => i.type === 'separator').length;
@@ -128,6 +228,19 @@ const SubMenu = ({
         if (needsScroll) subLenisRef(node);
       }}
       data-dmn-popup-submenu="true"
+      data-dmn-popup-layer="true"
+      role="menu"
+      aria-label={ariaLabel}
+      tabIndex={-1}
+      onKeyDown={(event) => {
+        if (event.key === 'ArrowLeft') {
+          event.preventDefault();
+          flushSync(onRequestClose);
+          parentItemRef.current?.focus();
+          return;
+        }
+        handleMenuNavigation(event);
+      }}
       onMouseEnter={onMouseEnter}
       onMouseLeave={onMouseLeave}
       className={`fixed z-[60] bg-glass backdrop-glass-popup shadow-elevation-2 rounded-surface p-[4px] flex flex-col gap-[4px] tooltip-fade-in${
@@ -149,6 +262,7 @@ const SubMenu = ({
           item={it}
           onSelect={onSelect}
           onCloseAll={onCloseAll}
+          onMenuTab={onMenuTab}
           siblingActiveRef={siblingActiveRef}
           hasCheckColumn={hasCheckColumn}
         />
@@ -163,12 +277,14 @@ const MenuItemRow = ({
   item,
   onSelect,
   onCloseAll,
+  onMenuTab,
   siblingActiveRef,
   hasCheckColumn = false,
 }: {
   item: ListItem;
   onSelect?: (id: string) => void;
-  onCloseAll?: () => void;
+  onCloseAll: () => void;
+  onMenuTab: (event: KeyboardEvent) => void;
   /** 형제 항목 중 활성 서브메뉴를 추적하는 ref (즉시 전환용) */
   siblingActiveRef?: React.RefObject<{
     id: string | null;
@@ -181,9 +297,23 @@ const MenuItemRow = ({
   const rowRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
   const hoverTimerRef = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null>(null);
   const [rowRect, setRowRect] = useState<DOMRect | null>(null);
+  const [focusSubMenuOnOpen, setFocusSubMenuOnOpen] = useState(false);
 
   const hasChildren = item.children && item.children.length > 0;
 
+  const showSubMenu = (focusFirst: boolean) => {
+    if (!hasChildren || !rowRef.current) return;
+    setRowRect(rowRef.current.getBoundingClientRect());
+    setFocusSubMenuOnOpen(focusFirst);
+    setSubMenuOpen(true);
+    if (siblingActiveRef) {
+      siblingActiveRef.current = {
+        id: item.id,
+        close: () => setSubMenuOpen(false),
+      };
+    }
+  };
+
   const handleMouseEnter = () => {
     if (!hasChildren) return;
     if (hoverTimerRef.current) clearTimeout(hoverTimerRef.current);
@@ -196,18 +326,7 @@ const MenuItemRow = ({
       active.close();
     }
 
-    hoverTimerRef.current = setTimeout(() => {
-      if (rowRef.current) {
-        setRowRect(rowRef.current.getBoundingClientRect());
-      }
-      setSubMenuOpen(true);
-      if (siblingActiveRef) {
-        siblingActiveRef.current = {
-          id: item.id,
-          close: () => setSubMenuOpen(false),
-        };
-      }
-    }, delay);
+    hoverTimerRef.current = setTimeout(() => showSubMenu(false), delay);
   };
 
   const handleMouseLeave = () => {
@@ -229,7 +348,7 @@ const MenuItemRow = ({
   // 구분선 (부모 p-[4px] 패딩을 무시하고 전체 폭 사용)
   if (item.type === 'separator') {
     return (
-      <div className="-mx-[4px]">
+      <div role="separator" className="-mx-[4px]">
         <div className="h-[1px] bg-line" />
       </div>
     );
@@ -238,9 +357,22 @@ const MenuItemRow = ({
   const hasCheck = typeof item.checked === 'boolean';
 
   const handleSelect = () => {
-    if (item.disabled || hasChildren) return;
+    if (item.disabled) return;
+    if (hasChildren) {
+      showSubMenu(false);
+      return;
+    }
     onSelect?.(item.id);
-    onCloseAll?.();
+    onCloseAll();
+  };
+
+  const handleKeyDown = (event: React.KeyboardEvent<HTMLButtonElement>) => {
+    if (!hasChildren || !['ArrowRight', 'Enter', ' '].includes(event.key)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    event.preventDefault();
+    event.stopPropagation();
+    showSubMenu(true);
   };
 
   return (
@@ -253,7 +385,14 @@ const MenuItemRow = ({
         ref={rowRef}
         type="button"
         disabled={item.disabled}
+        role={hasCheck ? 'menuitemcheckbox' : 'menuitem'}
+        aria-checked={hasCheck ? item.checked : undefined}
+        aria-disabled={item.disabled || undefined}
+        aria-haspopup={hasChildren ? 'menu' : undefined}
+        aria-expanded={hasChildren ? subMenuOpen : undefined}
+        tabIndex={-1}
         onClick={handleSelect}
+        onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
         className={`w-full min-w-[96px] h-[26px] px-[8px] rounded-md flex items-center gap-[6px] transition-colors duration-fast ${
           item.disabled
             ? 'opacity-70'
@@ -315,11 +454,15 @@ const MenuItemRow = ({
       {/* 서브메뉴 */}
       {hasChildren && subMenuOpen && (
         <SubMenu
+          ariaLabel={item.label}
           items={item.children!}
           onSelect={onSelect}
           onCloseAll={onCloseAll}
+          onMenuTab={onMenuTab}
           maxVisibleItems={item.maxVisibleChildren}
           anchorRect={rowRect}
+          parentItemRef={rowRef}
+          focusFirst={focusSubMenuOnOpen}
           onMouseEnter={() => {
             // 포털로 DOM 중첩이 끊기므로 서브메뉴 진입 시 닫힘 타이머 취소
             if (hoverTimerRef.current) clearTimeout(hoverTimerRef.current);
@@ -340,6 +483,7 @@ const MenuItemRow = ({
 
 const ListPopup = ({
   open,
+  ariaLabel,
   referenceRef,
   position,
   onClose,
@@ -350,6 +494,20 @@ const ListPopup = ({
   offsetY = 0,
   maxVisibleItems,
 }: ListPopupProps) => {
+  const openerRef = useRef<HTMLElement | null>(null);
+
+  const handleMenuTab = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
+    event.preventDefault();
+    const origin = referenceRef?.current ?? openerRef.current;
+    const target = getAdjacentFocusTarget(origin, event.shiftKey);
+    flushSync(onClose);
+    if (target?.isConnected) {
+      target.focus();
+    } else if (origin?.isConnected) {
+      origin.focus();
+    }
+  };
+
   // 일시적 팝업은 상주 크롬(z-30, 패널·미니맵)보다 항상 위
   const defaultClassName =
     'z-40 bg-glass backdrop-glass-popup shadow-elevation-2 rounded-surface p-[4px] flex flex-col gap-[4px]';
@@ -381,6 +539,10 @@ const ListPopup = ({
   return (
     <FloatingPopup
       open={open}
+      role="menu"
+      ariaLabel={ariaLabel}
+      onMenuTab={handleMenuTab}
+      focusOriginRef={openerRef}
       referenceRef={referenceRef}
       placement="top"
       offset={25}
@@ -389,6 +551,7 @@ const ListPopup = ({
       fixedX={position?.x}
       fixedY={position?.y}
       onClose={onClose}
+      onKeyDown={handleMenuNavigation}
       className={effectiveClassName}
     >
       <div
@@ -408,6 +571,7 @@ const ListPopup = ({
             item={it}
             onSelect={onSelect}
             onCloseAll={onClose}
+            onMenuTab={handleMenuTab}
             siblingActiveRef={siblingActiveRef}
             hasCheckColumn={hasCheckColumn}
           />
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/Modal.test.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/Modal.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da8efe44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/Modal.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+import React, { act } from 'react';
+import { createRoot, type Root } from 'react-dom/client';
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import FloatingPopup from './FloatingPopup';
+import Modal from './Modal';
+
+describe('Modal focus contract', () => {
+  let host: HTMLDivElement;
+  let root: Root;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    globalThis.IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT = true;
+    host = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.appendChild(host);
+    root = createRoot(host);
+  });
+
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await act(async () => root.unmount());
+    host.remove();
+    document.body.innerHTML = '';
+  });
+
+  it('moves focus into the dialog and restores the opener on unmount', async () => {
+    const opener = document.createElement('button');
+    document.body.prepend(opener);
+    opener.focus();
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      root.render(
+        <Modal ariaLabel="Test dialog">
+          <button type="button">First</button>
+          <button type="button">Last</button>
+        </Modal>,
+      );
+    });
+
+    expect(document.activeElement?.textContent).toBe('First');
+
+    await act(async () => root.render(null));
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(opener);
+  });
+
+  it('keeps Tab and Shift+Tab inside the top dialog', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      root.render(
+        <Modal ariaLabel="Test dialog">
+          <button type="button">First</button>
+          <button type="button">Last</button>
+        </Modal>,
+      );
+    });
+
+    const buttons = Array.from(
+      document.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>('[role="dialog"] button'),
+    );
+    buttons[1].focus();
+    document.dispatchEvent(
+      new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+        key: 'Tab',
+        bubbles: true,
+        cancelable: true,
+      }),
+    );
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(buttons[0]);
+
+    document.dispatchEvent(
+      new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+        key: 'Tab',
+        shiftKey: true,
+        bubbles: true,
+        cancelable: true,
+      }),
+    );
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(buttons[1]);
+  });
+
+  it('does not replace a child autoFocus target', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      root.render(
+        <Modal ariaLabel="Test dialog">
+          <button type="button">First</button>
+          <input aria-label="Preferred" autoFocus />
+        </Modal>,
+      );
+    });
+
+    expect(document.activeElement?.getAttribute('aria-label')).toBe(
+      'Preferred',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('yields keyboard ownership while a popup layer is open', async () => {
+    const closeModal = vi.fn();
+    const closePopup = vi.fn();
+    await act(async () => {
+      root.render(
+        <Modal ariaLabel="Test dialog" onClick={closeModal}>
+          <button type="button">Dialog action</button>
+        </Modal>,
+      );
+    });
+    await act(async () => {
+      root.render(
+        <Modal ariaLabel="Test dialog" onClick={closeModal}>
+          <button type="button">Dialog action</button>
+          <FloatingPopup
+            open
+            ariaLabel="Test popup"
+            animate={false}
+            onClose={closePopup}
+          >
+            <button type="button">Popup action</button>
+          </FloatingPopup>
+        </Modal>,
+      );
+    });
+
+    const popupAction = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('button')).find(
+      (button) => button.textContent === 'Popup action',
+    );
+    popupAction?.focus();
+    const event = new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+      key: 'Tab',
+      bubbles: true,
+      cancelable: true,
+    });
+    document.dispatchEvent(event);
+
+    expect(event.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(popupAction);
+
+    const escape = new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+      key: 'Escape',
+      bubbles: true,
+      cancelable: true,
+    });
+    document.dispatchEvent(escape);
+    expect(escape.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+    expect(closePopup).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(closeModal).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('owns Escape when opened after an existing inline popup', async () => {
+    const closePopup = vi.fn();
+    const closeModal = vi.fn();
+    const popup = (
+      <FloatingPopup
+        key="popup"
+        open
+        ariaLabel="Background popup"
+        animate={false}
+        onClose={closePopup}
+      >
+        <button type="button">Popup action</button>
+      </FloatingPopup>
+    );
+
+    await act(async () => root.render(<>{popup}</>));
+    await act(async () => {
+      root.render(
+        <>
+          {popup}
+          <Modal key="modal" ariaLabel="Top dialog" onClick={closeModal}>
+            <button type="button">Dialog action</button>
+          </Modal>
+        </>,
+      );
+    });
+
+    const escape = new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+      key: 'Escape',
+      bubbles: true,
+      cancelable: true,
+    });
+    document.dispatchEvent(escape);
+
+    expect(escape.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+    expect(closePopup).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(closeModal).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('lets a child popup mounted with the modal own Escape', async () => {
+    const closePopup = vi.fn();
+    const closeModal = vi.fn();
+    await act(async () => {
+      root.render(
+        <Modal ariaLabel="Test dialog" onClick={closeModal}>
+          <FloatingPopup
+            open
+            ariaLabel="Test popup"
+            animate={false}
+            onClose={closePopup}
+          >
+            <button type="button">Popup action</button>
+          </FloatingPopup>
+        </Modal>,
+      );
+    });
+
+    const escape = new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+      key: 'Escape',
+      bubbles: true,
+      cancelable: true,
+    });
+    document.dispatchEvent(escape);
+
+    expect(escape.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+    expect(closePopup).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(closeModal).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/Modal.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/Modal.tsx
index caa4a294..fcb298c1 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/Modal.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/Modal.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,23 @@
-import React, { useEffect, useRef } from 'react';
+import React, { useEffect, useLayoutEffect, useRef } from 'react';
 import { createPortal } from 'react-dom';
+import { isTopmostPopupLayer, registerPopupLayer } from './popupLayer';
+
+const FOCUSABLE_SELECTOR = [
+  'a[href]',
+  'button:not([disabled])',
+  'input:not([disabled])',
+  'select:not([disabled])',
+  'textarea:not([disabled])',
+  '[contenteditable="true"]',
+  '[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])',
+].join(',');
+
+const getFocusableElements = (root: HTMLElement) =>
+  Array.from(root.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>(FOCUSABLE_SELECTOR)).filter(
+    (element) =>
+      !element.closest('[hidden], [aria-hidden="true"]') &&
+      element.getAttribute('aria-disabled') !== 'true',
+  );
 
 interface ModalProps {
   onClick?: () => void;
@@ -19,11 +37,8 @@ const Modal = ({
   fullSurface = false,
 }: ModalProps) => {
   const scrimAnimClass = animate ? 'animate-modal-scrim' : '';
-  const contentAnimClass = animate
-    ? fullSurface
-      ? 'animate-modal-sheet'
-      : 'animate-modal-scale'
-    : '';
+  // 전면 시트는 등장 애니메이션 없이 즉시 표시
+  const contentAnimClass = animate && !fullSurface ? 'animate-modal-scale' : '';
   const closeFromBackdropRef = useRef(false);
   const backdropRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
   const onCloseRef = useRef(onClick);
@@ -31,6 +46,21 @@ const Modal = ({
     onCloseRef.current = onClick;
   });
 
+  // 열기 전 포커스를 첫 렌더 시점에 캡처 — passive effect는 자식 autoFocus·
+  // 자식 effect 이후에 실행돼 opener 대신 모달 내부 요소를 잡는 오염이 생긴다.
+  // ref 초기화는 자식 마운트 전에 1회만 실행되므로 opener가 정확히 잡힘
+  const prevFocusedRef = useRef<HTMLElement | null>(
+    typeof document !== 'undefined'
+      ? (document.activeElement as HTMLElement | null)
+      : null,
+  );
+
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    const backdrop = backdropRef.current;
+    if (!backdrop) return;
+    return registerPopupLayer(backdrop);
+  }, []);
+
   useEffect(() => {
     const reset = () => {
       closeFromBackdropRef.current = false;
@@ -43,9 +73,17 @@ const Modal = ({
     };
   }, []);
 
+  // 자식 autoFocus를 존중하고, 지정이 없으면 첫 조작 요소로 포커스 이동
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    const backdrop = backdropRef.current;
+    if (!backdrop || backdrop.contains(document.activeElement)) return;
+    const initialTarget = getFocusableElements(backdrop)[0] ?? backdrop;
+    initialTarget.focus();
+  }, []);
+
   // 닫힐 때 열기 전 포커스 복원 (요소가 아직 문서에 연결된 경우만)
   useEffect(() => {
-    const prevFocused = document.activeElement as HTMLElement | null;
+    const prevFocused = prevFocusedRef.current;
     return () => {
       if (prevFocused && prevFocused.isConnected) {
         prevFocused.focus();
@@ -53,22 +91,41 @@ const Modal = ({
     };
   }, []);
 
-  // Escape 닫기 — 레이어 소유권: 위 겹(팝업·서브메뉴·플로팅 피커)이 있으면 양보하고
-  // 최상위 모달(마지막 마운트 백드롭)만 소비. 한 번에 한 겹씩 닫힘
+  // 최상위 모달만 Escape와 Tab 포커스 순환을 소유
   useEffect(() => {
     const onKey = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
-      if (e.key !== 'Escape' || e.defaultPrevented) return;
+      if (e.defaultPrevented) return;
+      if (!isTopmostPopupLayer(backdropRef.current)) return;
+
+      if (e.key === 'Tab') {
+        const backdrop = backdropRef.current;
+        if (!backdrop) return;
+        const focusable = getFocusableElements(backdrop);
+        if (focusable.length === 0) {
+          e.preventDefault();
+          backdrop.focus();
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const active = document.activeElement;
+        const first = focusable[0];
+        const last = focusable[focusable.length - 1];
+        if (!backdrop.contains(active)) {
+          e.preventDefault();
+          (e.shiftKey ? last : first).focus();
+        } else if (e.shiftKey && (active === first || active === backdrop)) {
+          e.preventDefault();
+          last.focus();
+        } else if (!e.shiftKey && active === last) {
+          e.preventDefault();
+          first.focus();
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (e.key !== 'Escape') return;
       // 키 리스닝 중엔 양보 — Escape는 리스닝 취소로 예약됨 (raw input 레이스 포함)
       if (window.__dmn_isKeyListening) return;
-      // 서브메뉴·플러그인 드롭다운이 위에 떠 있으면 그쪽이 소유
-      if (document.querySelector('[data-dmn-popup-submenu="true"]')) return;
-      // FloatingPopup 계열(피커·컨텍스트 메뉴)이 위에 떠 있으면 그쪽이 소유
-      if (document.querySelector('[role="dialog"][aria-modal="false"]')) return;
-      // 모달 스택에서 최상위만 소비
-      const backdrops = document.querySelectorAll(
-        '[data-dmn-modal-backdrop="true"]',
-      );
-      if (backdrops[backdrops.length - 1] !== backdropRef.current) return;
       e.preventDefault();
       onCloseRef.current?.();
     };
@@ -94,13 +151,14 @@ const Modal = ({
     e.stopPropagation();
   };
 
-  // 배경 블러는 모달의 조상이 아니라 형제 언더레이가 소유해야 함 —
-  // 조상이 backdrop-filter를 가지면 backdrop root가 생겨 모달 글래스의
-  // 블러가 WebKit에서 배경을 샘플링하지 못함. 형제 레이어는 정상 합성됨
+  // 스크림 딤은 모달의 조상이 아니라 형제 언더레이가 소유해야 함 —
+  // 조상이 backdrop-filter나 반투명을 가지면 backdrop root가 생겨 모달 카드
+  // 글래스의 블러가 WebKit에서 배경을 샘플링하지 못함. 형제 레이어는 정상 합성됨
   // 조상 opacity 애니메이션도 같은 이유로 금지 — opacity < 1인 조상이
   // backdrop root가 되어 페이드 동안 블러가 죽었다가 끝나는 순간 튐.
   // 그래서 animate-modal-scale은 래퍼가 아닌 직계 자식(> *)에 적용되고,
-  // 등장 모션은 스크림(틴트+블러 키프레임)과 콘텐츠 루트가 각자 소유한다
+  // 등장 모션은 스크림(틴트 키프레임)과 콘텐츠 루트가 각자 소유한다
+  // 스크림은 알파 딤만 — backdrop 블러는 풀스크린 재필터라 금지 (Windows 렉)
   return createPortal(
     <div
       ref={backdropRef}
@@ -108,6 +166,7 @@ const Modal = ({
       role="dialog"
       aria-modal="true"
       aria-label={ariaLabel}
+      tabIndex={-1}
       className="fixed top-[30px] bottom-[60px] left-0 right-0 flex items-center justify-center z-50"
       onPointerDown={handleBackdropPointerDown}
       onClick={handleBackdropClick}
@@ -119,7 +178,7 @@ const Modal = ({
       {!fullSurface && (
         <div
           aria-hidden="true"
-          className={`absolute inset-0 bg-black/60 backdrop-blur-[2px] pointer-events-none ${scrimAnimClass}`}
+          className={`absolute inset-0 bg-black/60 pointer-events-none ${scrimAnimClass}`}
         />
       )}
       <div
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/ColorPicker.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/ColorPicker.tsx
index ad641eeb..fb543f9b 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/ColorPicker.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/ColorPicker.tsx
@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ const ColorPickerWrapper = ({
   portalToBody = false,
   closeOnScroll = false,
 }: ColorPickerWrapperProps) => {
+  const { t } = useTranslation();
   const initialMode = solidOnly
     ? MODES.solid
     : isGradientColor(color)
@@ -764,6 +765,7 @@ const ColorPickerWrapper = ({
   return (
     <FloatingPopup
       open={open}
+      ariaLabel={t('noteColor.color')}
       referenceRef={referenceRef}
       fixedX={
         fixedPosition?.x ??
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/CommonListPickerPage.test.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/CommonListPickerPage.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a01cc46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/CommonListPickerPage.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+import React, { act } from 'react';
+import { createRoot, type Root } from 'react-dom/client';
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import CommonListPickerPage from './CommonListPickerPage';
+
+vi.mock('@hooks/useLenis', () => ({
+  useLenis: () => ({
+    scrollContainerRef: { current: null },
+    lenisInstance: { current: null },
+  }),
+}));
+
+describe('CommonListPickerPage keyboard contract', () => {
+  let host: HTMLDivElement;
+  let root: Root;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    globalThis.IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT = true;
+    host = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.appendChild(host);
+    root = createRoot(host);
+  });
+
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await act(async () => root.unmount());
+    host.remove();
+    document.body.innerHTML = '';
+  });
+
+  it('returns to the parent page when Escape is pressed in search', async () => {
+    const onBack = vi.fn();
+    await act(async () => {
+      root.render(
+        <CommonListPickerPage
+          open
+          searchQuery=""
+          onSearchQueryChange={() => undefined}
+          searchPlaceholder="Search fonts"
+          items={[]}
+          renderItem={() => null}
+          emptyText="Empty"
+          onAdd={() => undefined}
+          addLabel="Add"
+          pageTitle="Fonts"
+          onBack={onBack}
+        />,
+      );
+    });
+
+    const search = host.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>('input');
+    expect(search?.getAttribute('aria-label')).toBe('Search fonts');
+    const event = new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+      key: 'Escape',
+      bubbles: true,
+      cancelable: true,
+    });
+    await act(async () => search?.dispatchEvent(event));
+
+    expect(event.defaultPrevented).toBe(true);
+    expect(onBack).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/CommonListPickerPage.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/CommonListPickerPage.tsx
index 3dd5c662..764cb117 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/CommonListPickerPage.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/CommonListPickerPage.tsx
@@ -119,7 +119,14 @@ export default function CommonListPickerPage<T>({
             type="text"
             value={searchQuery}
             onChange={(event) => onSearchQueryChange(event.target.value)}
+            onKeyDown={(event) => {
+              if (event.key !== 'Escape') return;
+              event.preventDefault();
+              event.stopPropagation();
+              onBack();
+            }}
             placeholder={searchPlaceholder}
+            aria-label={searchPlaceholder}
             className="w-full h-[30px] pl-[30px] pr-[10px] bg-inset rounded-surface text-fg text-body placeholder-fg-faint focus:shadow-focus-ring outline-none transition-shadow duration-fast"
           />
         </div>
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/CounterAnimationPicker.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/CounterAnimationPicker.tsx
index 3213db62..2b470d52 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/CounterAnimationPicker.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/CounterAnimationPicker.tsx
@@ -320,6 +320,7 @@ const CounterAnimationPicker = ({
       {menu.menuKey !== null && (
         <ListPopup
           open
+          ariaLabel={t('common.more')}
           position={menu.menuPosition ?? undefined}
           onClose={menu.close}
           items={menuItems}
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/FontPicker.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/FontPicker.tsx
index 86840e5e..ce1af122 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/FontPicker.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/FontPicker.tsx
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ import React, { Suspense, lazy, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { useTranslation } from '@contexts/useTranslation';
 import { useFontStore } from '@stores/useFontStore';
 import type { CustomFont } from '@src/types/settings/fonts';
-import { DEFAULT_FONT_FAMILY } from '@src/types/settings/fonts';
+import {
+  DEFAULT_FONT_FAMILY,
+  buildDraftPreviewCss,
+} from '@src/types/settings/fonts';
 import { convertFileSrc } from '@tauri-apps/api/core';
 import Modal from '@components/main/Modal/Modal';
 import { FULL_SURFACE_MATERIAL_CLASS } from '@components/main/Modal/FullSurfaceModalLayout';
@@ -80,11 +83,10 @@ const buildPreviewCSS = (font: CustomFont): string | null => {
   }
 
   if (font.type === 'web' && font.cssContent) {
-    // 웹폰트 CSS에서 font-family를 preview 이름으로 교체
-    return font.cssContent.replace(
-      /font-family:\s*['"]?([^'";]+)['"]?\s*;/i,
-      `font-family: '${previewFontFamily}';`,
-    );
+    // @font-face 블록만 추출해 미리보기 이름으로 치환 — 원문 전체를 주입하면
+    // 블록 밖 전역 규칙(body{display:none} 등)과 다른 face까지 앱에 새어든다.
+    // 저장 경로(useFontLibrary)의 validator와 동일한 추출기를 재사용
+    return buildDraftPreviewCss(font.cssContent, previewFontFamily) || null;
   }
 
   return null;
@@ -418,13 +420,14 @@ const FontPicker = ({
           const rect = event.currentTarget.getBoundingClientRect();
           setAddMenuPosition({ x: rect.right + 4, y: rect.top - 2 });
         }}
-        addLabel={t('fontPicker.add') || '폰트 추가'}
+        addLabel={t('fontPicker.add')}
         addButtonRef={addButtonRef}
       />
 
       {addMenuPosition !== null && (
         <ListPopup
           open
+          ariaLabel={t('fontPicker.add')}
           referenceRef={addButtonRef}
           position={addMenuPosition}
           onClose={() => setAddMenuPosition(null)}
@@ -445,6 +448,7 @@ const FontPicker = ({
       {menu.menuKey !== null && (
         <ListPopup
           open
+          ariaLabel={t('common.more')}
           position={menu.menuPosition ?? undefined}
           onClose={menu.close}
           items={menuItems}
@@ -476,14 +480,14 @@ const FontPicker = ({
             <Modal
               fullSurface
               onClick={() => setWebFontModal(null)}
-              ariaLabel="로딩 중..."
+              ariaLabel={t('propertiesPanel.loading')}
             >
               <div
                 className={`w-full h-full flex items-center justify-center ${FULL_SURFACE_MATERIAL_CLASS}`}
                 onClick={(event) => event.stopPropagation()}
               >
                 <p className="text-body leading-[16px] text-fg-muted">
-                  로딩 중...
+                  {t('propertiesPanel.loading')}
                 </p>
               </div>
             </Modal>
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/ImagePicker.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/ImagePicker.tsx
index 836fe15d..11f279fc 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/ImagePicker.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/ImagePicker.tsx
@@ -172,6 +172,7 @@ const ImagePicker = ({
   return (
     <FloatingPopup
       open={open}
+      ariaLabel={t('keySetting.customImage')}
       referenceRef={referenceRef}
       fixedX={fixedPosition?.x}
       fixedY={fixedPosition?.y}
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/SoundPicker.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/SoundPicker.tsx
index ae14501c..94fe620f 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/SoundPicker.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/SoundPicker.tsx
@@ -332,6 +332,7 @@ const SoundPicker = ({
       {menu.menuKey !== null && (
         <ListPopup
           open
+          ariaLabel={t('common.more')}
           position={menu.menuPosition ?? undefined}
           onClose={menu.close}
           items={menuItems}
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/WebFontInputModal.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/WebFontInputModal.tsx
index ef5ca11f..3ede14f3 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/WebFontInputModal.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/pickers/WebFontInputModal.tsx
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ const WebFontInputModal = ({
                 key={extractedFontFamily}
                 className="min-w-0 max-h-full overflow-y-auto modal-content-scroll dmn-scroll-fade px-[16px] py-[12px]"
               >
-                <div className="view-enter min-w-0">
+                <div className="min-w-0">
                   <p
                     className="text-[28px] leading-[36px] text-fg break-words"
                     style={{ fontFamily: specimenFontFamily }}
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/settings/ShortcutSettingsModal.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/settings/ShortcutSettingsModal.tsx
index 6f4cba9c..d472c409 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/settings/ShortcutSettingsModal.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/content/settings/ShortcutSettingsModal.tsx
@@ -322,6 +322,7 @@ const ShortcutSettingsModal = ({
 
   return (
     <Modal
+      ariaLabel={t('shortcutSetting.title')}
       onClick={() => {
         if (isListening) {
           setError(null);
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/popupLayer.ts b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/popupLayer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85fcdb0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Modal/popupLayer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+const popupLayerStack: HTMLElement[] = [];
+
+const removePopupLayer = (element: HTMLElement) => {
+  const index = popupLayerStack.lastIndexOf(element);
+  if (index >= 0) popupLayerStack.splice(index, 1);
+};
+
+const removeDisconnectedLayers = () => {
+  for (let index = popupLayerStack.length - 1; index >= 0; index -= 1) {
+    if (!popupLayerStack[index].isConnected) {
+      popupLayerStack.splice(index, 1);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+export const registerPopupLayer = (element: HTMLElement) => {
+  removePopupLayer(element);
+  popupLayerStack.push(element);
+  return () => removePopupLayer(element);
+};
+
+export const isTopmostPopupLayer = (element: HTMLElement | null) => {
+  if (!element) return false;
+  removeDisconnectedLayers();
+  return popupLayerStack[popupLayerStack.length - 1] === element;
+};
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Tool/CanvasTool.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Tool/CanvasTool.tsx
index 508bbcc6..a0a818d5 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Tool/CanvasTool.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Tool/CanvasTool.tsx
@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@ const CanvasTool = ({
       </div>
       <ListPopup
         open={isAddPopupOpen}
+        ariaLabel={t('common.more')}
         referenceRef={addButtonRef as unknown as React.RefObject<HTMLElement>}
         onClose={() => setIsAddPopupOpen(false)}
         items={[
@@ -167,6 +168,7 @@ const CanvasTool = ({
       />
       <ListPopup
         open={isResetPopupOpen}
+        ariaLabel={t('common.more')}
         referenceRef={resetButtonRef as unknown as React.RefObject<HTMLElement>}
         onClose={() => setIsResetPopupOpen(false)}
         items={[
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Tool/SettingTool.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Tool/SettingTool.tsx
index 2187bced..f765d0d1 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Tool/SettingTool.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Tool/SettingTool.tsx
@@ -115,6 +115,8 @@ SettingToolProps) => {
     const next = !isOverlayVisible;
     setIsOverlayVisible(next);
     window.api.overlay.setVisible(next).catch((error) => {
+      // 실패 시 낙관적 갱신 롤백 — 백엔드 상태는 무변경이므로 이전 값이 진실
+      setIsOverlayVisible(!next);
       console.error('Failed to toggle overlay', error);
     });
   };
@@ -276,6 +278,7 @@ SettingToolProps) => {
             <div className="relative">
               <ListPopup
                 open={isExportImportOpen}
+                ariaLabel={t('common.more')}
                 referenceRef={exportImportRef}
                 onClose={() => setIsExportImportOpen(false)}
                 items={[
@@ -363,6 +366,7 @@ SettingToolProps) => {
               <div className="relative">
                 <ListPopup
                   open={isExtrasOpen}
+                  ariaLabel={t('common.more')}
                   referenceRef={extrasRef}
                   onClose={() => setIsExtrasOpen(false)}
                   items={menuItems}
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/Tool/TabTool.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/Tool/TabTool.tsx
index 6b8a354e..4235b43a 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/Tool/TabTool.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/Tool/TabTool.tsx
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ const TabTool = () => {
       </button>
       <FloatingPopup
         open={isPopupOpen && isBootstrapped}
+        ariaLabel={t('tabs.title')}
         referenceRef={gridButtonRef}
         placement="bottom"
         onClose={() => setIsPopupOpen(false)}
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/common/Dropdown.test.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/common/Dropdown.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e9abaf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/common/Dropdown.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+import React, { act } from 'react';
+import { createRoot, type Root } from 'react-dom/client';
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import Modal from '../Modal/Modal';
+import Dropdown from './Dropdown';
+
+class ResizeObserverStub {
+  observe() {}
+  disconnect() {}
+}
+
+describe('Dropdown keyboard contract', () => {
+  let host: HTMLDivElement;
+  let root: Root;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    globalThis.IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT = true;
+    vi.stubGlobal('ResizeObserver', ResizeObserverStub);
+    host = document.createElement('div');
+    document.body.appendChild(host);
+    root = createRoot(host);
+  });
+
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    await act(async () => root.unmount());
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals();
+    host.remove();
+    document.body.innerHTML = '';
+  });
+
+  it('opens with ArrowDown, moves between options, and selects with Enter', async () => {
+    const onChange = vi.fn();
+    await act(async () => {
+      root.render(
+        <Dropdown
+          options={[
+            { label: 'One', value: 'one' },
+            { label: 'Two', value: 'two' },
+            { label: 'Three', value: 'three' },
+          ]}
+          value="one"
+          onChange={onChange}
+        />,
+      );
+    });
+
+    const trigger = host.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('button');
+    trigger?.focus();
+    await act(async () => {
+      trigger?.dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'ArrowDown',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+
+    let options = Array.from(
+      document.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>('[role="option"]'),
+    );
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(options[0]);
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      options[0].dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'ArrowDown',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+    options = Array.from(
+      document.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>('[role="option"]'),
+    );
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(options[1]);
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      options[1].dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'Enter',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+
+    expect(onChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith('two');
+    expect(document.querySelector('[role="listbox"]')).toBeNull();
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(trigger);
+  });
+
+  it('wraps ArrowUp from the first option to the last option', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      root.render(
+        <Dropdown
+          options={[
+            { label: 'One', value: 'one' },
+            { label: 'Two', value: 'two' },
+          ]}
+          value="one"
+          onChange={() => undefined}
+        />,
+      );
+    });
+
+    const trigger = host.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('button');
+    trigger?.focus();
+    await act(async () => {
+      trigger?.dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'ArrowUp',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+
+    const options = Array.from(
+      document.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>('[role="option"]'),
+    );
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(options[0]);
+    await act(async () => {
+      options[0].dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'ArrowUp',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(options[1]);
+  });
+
+  it('returns Tab navigation to the trigger order inside a modal', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      root.render(
+        <div data-dmn-modal-backdrop="true">
+          <button type="button">Before</button>
+          <Dropdown
+            options={[
+              { label: 'One', value: 'one' },
+              { label: 'Two', value: 'two' },
+            ]}
+            value="one"
+            onChange={() => undefined}
+          />
+          <button type="button">After</button>
+        </div>,
+      );
+    });
+
+    const trigger = host.querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>('button')[1];
+    await act(async () => {
+      trigger.dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'ArrowDown',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+
+    const option = document.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('[role="option"]');
+    await act(async () => {
+      option?.dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'Tab',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+
+    expect(document.activeElement?.textContent).toBe('After');
+    expect(document.querySelector('[role="listbox"]')).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('keeps Tab navigation inside a parent popup layer', async () => {
+    await act(async () => {
+      root.render(
+        <>
+          <button type="button">Outside before</button>
+          <div data-dmn-popup-layer="true">
+            <button type="button">Inside before</button>
+            <Dropdown
+              options={[
+                { label: 'One', value: 'one' },
+                { label: 'Two', value: 'two' },
+              ]}
+              value="one"
+              onChange={() => undefined}
+            />
+            <button type="button">Inside after</button>
+          </div>
+          <button type="button">Outside after</button>
+        </>,
+      );
+    });
+
+    const trigger = host.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>(
+      '[aria-haspopup="listbox"]',
+    );
+    await act(async () => {
+      trigger?.dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'ArrowDown',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+
+    const option = document.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('[role="option"]');
+    await act(async () => {
+      option?.dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'Tab',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+
+    expect(document.activeElement?.textContent).toBe('Inside after');
+    expect(document.querySelector('[role="listbox"]')).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('closes and restores trigger focus when open options become empty', async () => {
+    const renderOptions = async (
+      options: Array<{ label: string; value: string }>,
+    ) => {
+      await act(async () => {
+        root.render(
+          <Dropdown options={options} value="one" onChange={() => undefined} />,
+        );
+      });
+    };
+
+    await renderOptions([
+      { label: 'One', value: 'one' },
+      { label: 'Two', value: 'two' },
+    ]);
+    const trigger = host.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>(
+      '[aria-haspopup="listbox"]',
+    );
+    await act(async () => {
+      trigger?.dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'ArrowDown',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+    expect(document.querySelector('[role="listbox"]')).not.toBeNull();
+
+    await renderOptions([]);
+
+    expect(document.querySelector('[role="listbox"]')).toBeNull();
+    expect(document.activeElement).toBe(trigger);
+    expect(trigger?.getAttribute('aria-expanded')).toBe('false');
+  });
+
+  it('closes itself before its parent modal on Escape', async () => {
+    const closeModal = vi.fn();
+    await act(async () => {
+      root.render(
+        <Modal onClick={closeModal} ariaLabel="Settings">
+          <Dropdown
+            options={[
+              { label: 'One', value: 'one' },
+              { label: 'Two', value: 'two' },
+            ]}
+            value="one"
+            onChange={() => undefined}
+          />
+        </Modal>,
+      );
+    });
+
+    const trigger = document.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>(
+      '[aria-haspopup="listbox"]',
+    );
+    await act(async () => {
+      trigger?.dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'ArrowDown',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+    expect(document.querySelector('[role="listbox"]')).not.toBeNull();
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      document.dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'Escape',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+    expect(document.querySelector('[role="listbox"]')).toBeNull();
+    expect(closeModal).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      document.dispatchEvent(
+        new KeyboardEvent('keydown', {
+          key: 'Escape',
+          bubbles: true,
+          cancelable: true,
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+    expect(closeModal).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/main/common/Dropdown.tsx b/src/renderer/components/main/common/Dropdown.tsx
index 001f4a9c..54e0f58d 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/main/common/Dropdown.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/main/common/Dropdown.tsx
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 import React, {
   useState,
   useRef,
+  useId,
   useCallback,
   useEffect,
   useLayoutEffect,
 } from 'react';
 import { createPortal } from 'react-dom';
+import { isTopmostPopupLayer, registerPopupLayer } from '../Modal/popupLayer';
 
 interface DropdownOption {
   label: string;
@@ -56,21 +58,67 @@ const Dropdown: React.FC<DropdownProps> = ({
   const [anchor, setAnchor] = useState<DOMRect | null>(null);
   // null이면 아직 미실측 — 히든 렌더 후 layout effect에서 확정
   const [menuPos, setMenuPos] = useState<MenuPosition | null>(null);
+  const [activeIndex, setActiveIndex] = useState(-1);
   const ref = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
   const buttonRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
   const menuRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
+  const optionRefs = useRef<Array<HTMLButtonElement | null>>([]);
+  const menuId = useId();
+
+  const selectedIndex = options.findIndex((option) => option.value === value);
+
+  const openMenu = useCallback(
+    (preferredIndex?: number) => {
+      const button = buttonRef.current;
+      if (!button || disabled || options.length === 0) return;
+      setAnchor(button.getBoundingClientRect());
+      setMenuPos(null);
+      const fallbackIndex = selectedIndex >= 0 ? selectedIndex : 0;
+      setActiveIndex(
+        Math.min(
+          Math.max(preferredIndex ?? fallbackIndex, 0),
+          options.length - 1,
+        ),
+      );
+      setOpen(true);
+    },
+    [disabled, options.length, selectedIndex],
+  );
 
   // 메뉴는 body로 포털 — 패널/모달의 backdrop-filter·mask 아래에서는
   // 중첩 backdrop-blur가 무력화되므로 backdrop root 밖에서 그린다
   const toggleOpen = () => {
-    if (!open && buttonRef.current) {
-      // 좌표 계산은 실측 후 layout effect에서 — 여기선 앵커만 캡처
-      setAnchor(buttonRef.current.getBoundingClientRect());
-      setMenuPos(null);
+    if (open) {
+      setOpen(false);
+      return;
     }
-    setOpen((prev) => !prev);
+    openMenu();
   };
 
+  const closeAndFocusTrigger = useCallback(() => {
+    setOpen(false);
+    buttonRef.current?.focus();
+  }, []);
+
+  const selectOption = useCallback(
+    (index: number) => {
+      const option = options[index];
+      if (!option) return;
+      onChange(option.value);
+      closeAndFocusTrigger();
+    },
+    [closeAndFocusTrigger, onChange, options],
+  );
+
+  const moveActiveOption = useCallback(
+    (nextIndex: number) => {
+      if (options.length === 0) return;
+      const normalized = (nextIndex + options.length) % options.length;
+      setActiveIndex(normalized);
+    },
+    [options.length],
+  );
+
   // 실측 기반 확정 배치 — 히든 렌더한 메뉴의 레이아웃 크기(offsetWidth/Height,
   // transform 무관)를 재서 최종 픽셀 좌표를 한 번에 확정하고 표시.
   // 보이는 첫 프레임이 곧 확정 위치라 중간 위치가 비칠 수 없고,
@@ -135,6 +183,24 @@ const Dropdown: React.FC<DropdownProps> = ({
     place();
   }, [open, menuPos, place]);
 
+  // 열린 뒤 옵션이 사라지면 빈 포털을 남기지 않고 트리거로 복귀
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    if (!open || options.length > 0) return;
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/set-state-in-effect
+    closeAndFocusTrigger();
+  }, [closeAndFocusTrigger, open, options.length]);
+
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    if (!open || !menuPos || activeIndex < 0) return;
+    optionRefs.current[activeIndex]?.focus();
+  }, [activeIndex, menuPos, open]);
+
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    const menu = menuRef.current;
+    if (!open || !menu) return;
+    return registerPopupLayer(menu);
+  }, [anchor, open]);
+
   // 열린 동안 내용 크기 변화(비동기 옵션 로드 등) 시 클램프·플립 재계산
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!open) return;
@@ -156,12 +222,90 @@ const Dropdown: React.FC<DropdownProps> = ({
     if (!open) return;
     const handleKey = (event: KeyboardEvent) => {
       if (event.key !== 'Escape' || event.defaultPrevented) return;
+      if (!isTopmostPopupLayer(menuRef.current)) return;
       event.preventDefault();
-      setOpen(false);
+      closeAndFocusTrigger();
     };
     document.addEventListener('keydown', handleKey);
     return () => document.removeEventListener('keydown', handleKey);
-  }, [open]);
+  }, [closeAndFocusTrigger, open]);
+
+  const handleTriggerKeyDown = (event: React.KeyboardEvent) => {
+    if (event.key !== 'ArrowDown' && event.key !== 'ArrowUp') return;
+    event.preventDefault();
+    const preferredIndex =
+      selectedIndex >= 0
+        ? selectedIndex
+        : event.key === 'ArrowUp'
+        ? options.length - 1
+        : 0;
+    if (open) {
+      moveActiveOption(activeIndex + (event.key === 'ArrowDown' ? 1 : -1));
+    } else {
+      openMenu(preferredIndex);
+    }
+  };
+
+  const handleOptionKeyDown = (
+    event: React.KeyboardEvent<HTMLButtonElement>,
+    index: number,
+  ) => {
+    switch (event.key) {
+      case 'ArrowDown':
+        event.preventDefault();
+        moveActiveOption(index + 1);
+        break;
+      case 'ArrowUp':
+        event.preventDefault();
+        moveActiveOption(index - 1);
+        break;
+      case 'Home':
+        event.preventDefault();
+        setActiveIndex(0);
+        break;
+      case 'End':
+        event.preventDefault();
+        setActiveIndex(options.length - 1);
+        break;
+      case 'Enter':
+      case ' ':
+        event.preventDefault();
+        selectOption(index);
+        break;
+      case 'Tab': {
+        event.preventDefault();
+        const selector =
+          'a[href], button:not([disabled]), input:not([disabled]), select:not([disabled]), textarea:not([disabled]), [tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])';
+        const modalScope = buttonRef.current?.closest<HTMLElement>(
+          '[data-dmn-modal-backdrop="true"]',
+        );
+        const popupScope = buttonRef.current?.closest<HTMLElement>(
+          '[data-dmn-popup-layer="true"]',
+        );
+        const focusScope: ParentNode = popupScope ?? modalScope ?? document;
+        const tabStops = Array.from(
+          focusScope.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>(selector),
+        ).filter(
+          (element) =>
+            !menuRef.current?.contains(element) &&
+            !element.closest('[hidden], [aria-hidden="true"]'),
+        );
+        const triggerIndex = buttonRef.current
+          ? tabStops.indexOf(buttonRef.current)
+          : -1;
+        const nextIndex = event.shiftKey ? triggerIndex - 1 : triggerIndex + 1;
+        const wrappedIndex = event.shiftKey ? tabStops.length - 1 : 0;
+        setOpen(false);
+        (
+          tabStops[nextIndex] ??
+          (popupScope || modalScope
+            ? tabStops[wrappedIndex]
+            : buttonRef.current)
+        )?.focus();
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  };
 
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!open) return;
@@ -202,6 +346,9 @@ const Dropdown: React.FC<DropdownProps> = ({
           <div
             ref={menuRef}
             data-dmn-popup-submenu="true"
+            data-dmn-popup-layer="true"
+            role="listbox"
+            id={menuId}
             className={`fixed flex flex-col p-[4px] gap-[4px] bg-glass backdrop-glass-popup rounded-surface shadow-elevation-2 z-[60] overflow-x-hidden overflow-y-auto max-h-[200px] tooltip-fade-in ${widthClass}`}
             style={{
               // 실측 전에는 원점에서 히든 렌더 — 자연 크기 그대로 측정
@@ -220,19 +367,24 @@ const Dropdown: React.FC<DropdownProps> = ({
                 옵션 없음
               </div>
             ) : (
-              options.map((opt) => (
+              options.map((opt, index) => (
                 <button
                   key={opt.value}
+                  ref={(element) => {
+                    optionRefs.current[index] = element;
+                  }}
                   type="button"
+                  role="option"
+                  aria-selected={value === opt.value}
+                  tabIndex={-1}
                   className={`text-left w-full h-[23px] px-[8px] rounded-md text-body transition-colors duration-fast flex items-center ${
                     value === opt.value
                       ? 'bg-surface-active text-fg pointer-events-none'
                       : 'text-fg-muted hover:bg-surface-hover hover:text-fg'
                   }`}
-                  onClick={() => {
-                    onChange(opt.value);
-                    setOpen(false);
-                  }}
+                  onFocus={() => setActiveIndex(index)}
+                  onKeyDown={(event) => handleOptionKeyDown(event, index)}
+                  onClick={() => selectOption(index)}
                 >
                   <span className="truncate">{opt.label}</span>
                 </button>
@@ -252,10 +404,14 @@ const Dropdown: React.FC<DropdownProps> = ({
         <button
           ref={buttonRef}
           type="button"
+          aria-haspopup="listbox"
+          aria-expanded={open}
+          aria-controls={open ? menuId : undefined}
           className={`flex items-center justify-center w-[23px] h-[23px] rounded-md cursor-pointer bg-fill hover:bg-fill-hover transition-colors duration-fast ${
             open ? 'shadow-focus-ring' : ''
           }`}
           onClick={toggleOpen}
+          onKeyDown={handleTriggerKeyDown}
           disabled={disabled}
         >
           {iconTrigger}
@@ -264,6 +420,9 @@ const Dropdown: React.FC<DropdownProps> = ({
         <button
           ref={buttonRef}
           type="button"
+          aria-haspopup="listbox"
+          aria-expanded={open}
+          aria-controls={open ? menuId : undefined}
           className={`flex box-border items-center justify-between ${
             size === 'lg'
               ? 'h-[30px] px-[10px] rounded-surface'
@@ -272,6 +431,7 @@ const Dropdown: React.FC<DropdownProps> = ({
             open ? 'shadow-focus-ring' : ''
           } ${fullWidth ? 'w-full' : ''} ${widthClass}`}
           onClick={toggleOpen}
+          onKeyDown={handleTriggerKeyDown}
           disabled={disabled}
         >
           <span className={`truncate ${!selected ? 'text-fg-muted' : ''}`}>
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/shared/GraphPanel.tsx b/src/renderer/components/shared/GraphPanel.tsx
index fc51604b..7f196475 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/shared/GraphPanel.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/shared/GraphPanel.tsx
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ const GraphPanel = forwardRef<HTMLDivElement, GraphPanelProps>(
           overflow: 'hidden',
           cursor: interactive ? 'pointer' : 'default',
           fontFamily:
-            "Pretendard, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, system-ui, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif",
+            "'Pretendard Variable', Pretendard, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, system-ui, Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif",
           willChange:
             dataEditing || isViewportTransforming ? 'transform' : 'auto',
           backfaceVisibility: 'hidden',
diff --git a/src/renderer/components/shared/PluginElement.tsx b/src/renderer/components/shared/PluginElement.tsx
index f8719d25..f2503340 100644
--- a/src/renderer/components/shared/PluginElement.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/components/shared/PluginElement.tsx
@@ -1702,6 +1702,7 @@ export const PluginElement: React.FC<PluginElementProps> = ({
         createPortal(
           <ListPopup
             open={contextMenuOpen}
+            ariaLabel={t('common.more')}
             position={contextMenuPosition}
             onClose={() => setContextMenuOpen(false)}
             items={contextMenuItems}
diff --git a/src/renderer/constants/keyModes.ts b/src/renderer/constants/keyModes.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f1d5a45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/constants/keyModes.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// 빌트인 키 모드 (탭) 식별자 — 여러 곳에 인라인돼 있던 것을 단일 상수로
+export const BUILTIN_KEY_MODES = ['4key', '5key', '6key', '8key'] as const;
+
+export type BuiltinKeyMode = (typeof BUILTIN_KEY_MODES)[number];
+
+// 빌트인 + 커스텀 탭 id로 유효 탭 집합 구성
+export function buildValidTabIdSet(customTabIds: string[]): Set<string> {
+  return new Set<string>([...BUILTIN_KEY_MODES, ...customTabIds]);
+}
diff --git a/src/renderer/editor/runtime/persistState.ts b/src/renderer/editor/runtime/persistState.ts
index 1b4dd958..1d3be0f5 100644
--- a/src/renderer/editor/runtime/persistState.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/editor/runtime/persistState.ts
@@ -29,16 +29,14 @@ export async function persistPositionsWithSync(
 }
 
 /**
- * mappings + positions 변경을 동시에 백엔드에 반영
+ * mappings + positions 변경을 단일 트랜잭션으로 백엔드에 반영
+ * 분리 저장은 한쪽만 커밋된 채 강제 종료되면 배열 불일치가 디스크에 남음
  */
 export function persistMappingsAndPositions(
   mappings: KeyMappings,
   positions: KeyPositions,
 ): void {
-  Promise.all([
-    window.api.keys.update(mappings),
-    window.api.keys.updatePositions(positions),
-  ]).catch((error) => {
+  window.api.keys.updateWithPositions(mappings, positions).catch((error) => {
     console.error('Failed to persist key data', error);
   });
 }
diff --git a/src/renderer/hooks/useKeyManager.ts b/src/renderer/hooks/useKeyManager.ts
index 101e46e2..5376939b 100644
--- a/src/renderer/hooks/useKeyManager.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/hooks/useKeyManager.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import { useLayerGroupStore } from '@stores/data/useLayerGroupStore';
 import { useHistoryStore } from '@stores/data/useHistoryStore';
 import { usePluginDisplayElementStore } from '@stores/plugin/usePluginDisplayElementStore';
 import { setUndoRedoInProgress } from '@api/pluginDisplayElements';
+import { removeDisplayElementsInternal } from '@plugins/runtime/displayElement/displayElementApi';
 import type {
   KeyMappings,
   KeyPositions,
@@ -774,7 +775,16 @@ export function useKeyManager() {
 
   const handleResetCurrentMode = async () => {
     try {
-      await window.api.keys.resetMode(selectedKeyType);
+      const res = await window.api.keys.resetMode(selectedKeyType);
+      // 백엔드가 초기화를 수행한 경우에만 후속 정리 — 커스텀 탭도 이제 지원됨
+      if (!res.success) return;
+      // 이 탭에 놓인 플러그인 표시 요소도 함께 제거 (백엔드 저장소와 별개)
+      const staleElements = usePluginDisplayElementStore
+        .getState()
+        .elements.filter((el) => el.tabId === selectedKeyType);
+      removeDisplayElementsInternal(
+        staleElements.map((element) => element.fullId),
+      );
       setSelectedKey(null);
     } catch (error) {
       console.error('Failed to reset current mode', error);
diff --git a/src/renderer/plugins/runtime/api/defineElement.ts b/src/renderer/plugins/runtime/api/defineElement.ts
index b8ea2246..44ece598 100644
--- a/src/renderer/plugins/runtime/api/defineElement.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/plugins/runtime/api/defineElement.ts
@@ -5,9 +5,16 @@
 
 import { usePluginDisplayElementStore } from '@stores/plugin/usePluginDisplayElementStore';
 import { useKeyStore } from '@stores/data/useKeyStore';
+import { buildValidTabIdSet } from '@constants/keyModes';
 import { useStatItemStore } from '@stores/data/useStatItemStore';
 import { useGraphItemStore } from '@stores/data/useGraphItemStore';
 import { translatePluginMessage } from '@utils/plugin/pluginI18n';
+import { removeDisplayElementsInternal } from '../displayElement/displayElementApi';
+import {
+  createPluginInstanceLifecycle,
+  createPluginInstanceSaveBarrier,
+  normalizePluginInstanceTabId,
+} from '../displayElement/instanceLifecycle';
 import {
   SECTION_WRAPPER_CLASS,
   SECTION_LABEL_CLASS,
@@ -74,25 +81,52 @@ export const createDefineElement = (deps: DefineElementDependencies) => {
 
     const INSTANCES_KEY = 'instances';
 
-    // 복원 중에는 saveInstances가 호출되지 않도록 플래그 설정
-    let isRestoring = true;
+    const instanceSaveBarrier = createPluginInstanceSaveBarrier();
+
+    const instanceLifecycle =
+      window.__dmn_window_type === 'main'
+        ? createPluginInstanceLifecycle<SavedInstance>({
+            isBootstrapped: () => useKeyStore.getState().isBootstrapped,
+            subscribeBootstrap: (listener) =>
+              useKeyStore.subscribe((state, previousState) => {
+                if (state.isBootstrapped !== previousState.isBootstrapped) {
+                  listener();
+                }
+              }),
+            loadInstances: async () => {
+              const stored = await namespacedStorage.get(INSTANCES_KEY);
+              return Array.isArray(stored) ? (stored as SavedInstance[]) : null;
+            },
+            persistInstances: (instances) =>
+              namespacedStorage.set(INSTANCES_KEY, instances),
+            getMemoryInstances: () =>
+              usePluginDisplayElementStore
+                .getState()
+                .elements.filter((element) => element.definitionId === defId)
+                .map((element) => ({
+                  fullId: element.fullId,
+                  tabId: element.tabId,
+                })),
+            releaseMemoryInstances: removeDisplayElementsInternal,
+          })
+        : null;
 
     const saveInstances = async () => {
       // 전역 리로드 중이거나 개별 복원 중에는 저장하지 않음
-      if (isReloading() || isRestoring) return;
+      if (isReloading() || !instanceSaveBarrier.shouldSave()) return;
 
       const elements = usePluginDisplayElementStore
         .getState()
         .elements.filter((el) => el.definitionId === defId);
 
-      const instances = elements.map((el) => ({
+      const instances: SavedInstance[] = elements.map((el) => ({
         position: el.position,
-        settings: el.settings,
+        settings: el.settings as SavedInstance['settings'],
         measuredSize: el.measuredSize,
-        tabId: el.tabId,
+        tabId: normalizePluginInstanceTabId(el.tabId),
       }));
 
-      await namespacedStorage.set(INSTANCES_KEY, instances);
+      await instanceLifecycle?.saveInstances(instances);
     };
 
     if (window.__dmn_window_type === 'main') {
@@ -108,11 +142,40 @@ export const createDefineElement = (deps: DefineElementDependencies) => {
           if (
             JSON.stringify(currentElements) !== JSON.stringify(prevElements)
           ) {
-            saveInstances();
+            void saveInstances().catch((error) => {
+              console.error(
+                `[Plugin ${pluginId}] Failed to save instances:`,
+                error,
+              );
+            });
           }
         },
       );
       registerCleanup(unsubStore);
+
+      const unsubValidTabs = useKeyStore.subscribe((state, previousState) => {
+        if (!state.isBootstrapped) return;
+
+        const validTabIds = buildValidTabIdSet(
+          state.customTabs.map((tab) => tab.id),
+        );
+        const previousValidTabIds = previousState.isBootstrapped
+          ? buildValidTabIdSet(previousState.customTabs.map((tab) => tab.id))
+          : null;
+        const validTabsChanged =
+          previousValidTabIds === null ||
+          validTabIds.size !== previousValidTabIds.size ||
+          [...validTabIds].some((tabId) => !previousValidTabIds.has(tabId));
+        if (!validTabsChanged) return;
+
+        void instanceLifecycle?.reconcile(validTabIds).catch((error) => {
+          console.error(
+            `[Plugin ${pluginId}] Failed to reconcile instances:`,
+            error,
+          );
+        });
+      });
+      registerCleanup(unsubValidTabs);
     }
 
     const defaultSettings: Record<string, string | number | boolean> =
@@ -632,68 +695,100 @@ export const createDefineElement = (deps: DefineElementDependencies) => {
       window.__dmn_element_restorers?.delete(defId);
     });
 
-    // 인스턴스 복원
-    setTimeout(async () => {
-      try {
-        if (window.__dmn_window_type === 'main') {
-          const savedInstances = (await namespacedStorage.get(
-            INSTANCES_KEY,
-          )) as SavedInstance[] | null;
-
-          if (savedInstances && Array.isArray(savedInstances)) {
-            // maxInstances 제한 적용: 탭별로 제한 개수만큼만 복원
-            const maxInstances = definition.maxInstances;
-            let instancesToRestore = savedInstances;
-
-            if (maxInstances && maxInstances > 0) {
-              // 탭별로 그룹화
-              const instancesByTab = new Map<string, SavedInstance[]>();
-              savedInstances.forEach((inst) => {
-                const tabId = inst.tabId || '4key'; // 기본 탭
-                if (!instancesByTab.has(tabId)) {
-                  instancesByTab.set(tabId, []);
+    if (instanceLifecycle) {
+      const restoreTimer = setTimeout(() => {
+        void instanceLifecycle
+          .startRestore(
+            () => {
+              const keyState = useKeyStore.getState();
+              return buildValidTabIdSet(
+                keyState.customTabs.map((tab) => tab.id),
+              );
+            },
+            (savedInstances, readiness) => {
+              instanceSaveBarrier.runRestoreMutation(() => {
+                if (readiness === 'failed') {
+                  console.warn(
+                    `[Plugin ${pluginId}] Bootstrap timed out; restoring all instances`,
+                  );
+                }
+
+                const maxInstances = definition.maxInstances;
+                let instancesToRestore = savedInstances;
+
+                if (maxInstances && maxInstances > 0) {
+                  const instancesByTab = new Map<string, SavedInstance[]>();
+                  savedInstances.forEach((instance) => {
+                    const tabId = normalizePluginInstanceTabId(instance.tabId);
+                    if (!instancesByTab.has(tabId)) {
+                      instancesByTab.set(tabId, []);
+                    }
+                    instancesByTab.get(tabId)!.push(instance);
+                  });
+
+                  instancesToRestore = [];
+                  instancesByTab.forEach((instances) => {
+                    instancesToRestore.push(
+                      ...instances.slice(0, maxInstances),
+                    );
+                  });
                 }
-                instancesByTab.get(tabId)!.push(inst);
-              });
 
-              // 각 탭별로 maxInstances만큼만 선택
-              instancesToRestore = [];
-              instancesByTab.forEach((instances) => {
-                instancesToRestore.push(...instances.slice(0, maxInstances));
+                instancesToRestore.forEach((instance) => {
+                  // 비동기 복원 중 플러그인 컨텍스트 재설정
+                  window.__dmn_current_plugin_id = pluginId;
+
+                  window.api.ui.displayElement.add({
+                    html: '<!-- plugin-element -->',
+                    position: instance.position,
+                    draggable: true,
+                    definitionId: defId,
+                    settings: omitLayoutSettingValues(
+                      definition.settings,
+                      instance.settings || { ...defaultSettings },
+                    ) as Record<string, string | number | boolean>,
+                    state: definition.previewState || {},
+                    measuredSize: instance.measuredSize,
+                    tabId: normalizePluginInstanceTabId(instance.tabId),
+                    onClick: useModalSettings ? handleElementClick : undefined,
+                    contextMenu: {
+                      enableDelete: true,
+                      deleteLabel: definition.contextMenu?.delete || '삭제',
+                      customItems: buildCustomContextMenuItems(),
+                    },
+                  } as unknown as PluginDisplayElementConfig);
+                });
               });
-            }
+            },
+          )
+          .then(
+            () => {
+              if (instanceSaveBarrier.finishRestoration()) {
+                void saveInstances().catch((error) => {
+                  console.error(
+                    `[Plugin ${pluginId}] Failed to flush pending instance changes:`,
+                    error,
+                  );
+                });
+              }
+            },
+            (error) => {
+              instanceSaveBarrier.cancelRestoration();
+              console.error(
+                `[Plugin ${pluginId}] Failed to restore instances:`,
+                error,
+              );
+            },
+          );
+      }, 0);
 
-            instancesToRestore.forEach((inst) => {
-              // 각 add 호출 직전에 plugin context 재설정 (비동기 경합 방지)
-              window.__dmn_current_plugin_id = pluginId;
-
-              window.api.ui.displayElement.add({
-                html: '<!-- plugin-element -->',
-                position: inst.position,
-                draggable: true,
-                definitionId: defId,
-                settings: omitLayoutSettingValues(
-                  definition.settings,
-                  inst.settings || { ...defaultSettings },
-                ) as Record<string, string | number | boolean>,
-                state: definition.previewState || {},
-                measuredSize: inst.measuredSize,
-                tabId: inst.tabId,
-                onClick: useModalSettings ? handleElementClick : undefined,
-                contextMenu: {
-                  enableDelete: true,
-                  deleteLabel: definition.contextMenu?.delete || '삭제',
-                  customItems: buildCustomContextMenuItems(),
-                },
-              } as unknown as PluginDisplayElementConfig);
-            });
-          }
-        }
-      } catch (err) {
-        console.error(`[Plugin ${pluginId}] Failed to restore instances:`, err);
-      } finally {
-        isRestoring = false;
-      }
-    }, 0);
+      registerCleanup(() => {
+        clearTimeout(restoreTimer);
+        instanceLifecycle.dispose();
+        instanceSaveBarrier.cancelRestoration();
+      });
+    } else {
+      instanceSaveBarrier.finishRestoration();
+    }
   };
 };
diff --git a/src/renderer/plugins/runtime/displayElement/displayElementApi.ts b/src/renderer/plugins/runtime/displayElement/displayElementApi.ts
index 59adab72..22ffb5ce 100644
--- a/src/renderer/plugins/runtime/displayElement/displayElementApi.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/plugins/runtime/displayElement/displayElementApi.ts
@@ -30,18 +30,42 @@ import type {
 /**
  * 내부용 디스플레이 요소 제거 함수
  */
+const disposeDisplayElementResources = (
+  fullId: string,
+  element?: PluginDisplayElementInternal,
+): void => {
+  if (element?._onClickId) handlerRegistry.unregister(element._onClickId);
+  if (element?._onPositionChangeId)
+    handlerRegistry.unregister(element._onPositionChangeId);
+  if (element?._onDeleteId) handlerRegistry.unregister(element._onDeleteId);
+  unregisterDisplayElementInstance(fullId);
+};
+
 const removeDisplayElementInternal = (fullId: string): void => {
   const store = usePluginDisplayElementStore.getState();
   const element = store.elements.find((el) => el.fullId === fullId);
-  if (element) {
-    if (element._onClickId) handlerRegistry.unregister(element._onClickId);
-    if (element._onPositionChangeId)
-      handlerRegistry.unregister(element._onPositionChangeId);
-    if (element._onDeleteId) handlerRegistry.unregister(element._onDeleteId);
-  }
-
+  disposeDisplayElementResources(fullId, element);
   store.removeElement(fullId);
-  unregisterDisplayElementInstance(fullId);
+};
+
+const removeDisplayElementsInternal = (fullIds: readonly string[]): void => {
+  const ids = new Set(fullIds);
+  if (ids.size === 0) return;
+
+  const store = usePluginDisplayElementStore.getState();
+  const elements = store.elements;
+  const elementsById = new Map(
+    elements.map((element) => [element.fullId, element]),
+  );
+
+  ids.forEach((fullId) => {
+    disposeDisplayElementResources(fullId, elementsById.get(fullId));
+  });
+
+  const remaining = elements.filter((element) => !ids.has(element.fullId));
+  if (remaining.length !== elements.length) {
+    store.setElements(remaining);
+  }
 };
 
 /**
@@ -350,4 +374,4 @@ export const displayElementApi = {
   },
 };
 
-export { removeDisplayElementInternal };
+export { removeDisplayElementInternal, removeDisplayElementsInternal };
diff --git a/src/renderer/plugins/runtime/displayElement/instanceLifecycle.test.ts b/src/renderer/plugins/runtime/displayElement/instanceLifecycle.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12bfca3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/plugins/runtime/displayElement/instanceLifecycle.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import {
+  createPluginInstanceLifecycle,
+  createPluginInstanceSaveBarrier,
+} from './instanceLifecycle';
+
+interface TestInstance {
+  id: string;
+  tabId?: string;
+}
+
+const cloneInstances = (instances: TestInstance[]) =>
+  instances.map((instance) => ({ ...instance }));
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  vi.useRealTimers();
+  vi.restoreAllMocks();
+});
+
+describe('plugin instance lifecycle', () => {
+  it('복원 중 외부 변경만 완료 직후 1회 저장 대상으로 남긴다', () => {
+    const barrier = createPluginInstanceSaveBarrier();
+
+    barrier.runRestoreMutation(() => {
+      expect(barrier.shouldSave()).toBe(false);
+    });
+    expect(barrier.finishRestoration()).toBe(false);
+
+    const barrierWithExternalChange = createPluginInstanceSaveBarrier();
+    expect(barrierWithExternalChange.shouldSave()).toBe(false);
+    expect(barrierWithExternalChange.finishRestoration()).toBe(true);
+    expect(barrierWithExternalChange.finishRestoration()).toBe(false);
+    expect(barrierWithExternalChange.shouldSave()).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('bootstrap 완료까지 복원을 대기한 뒤 죽은 탭을 정리해 저장한다', async () => {
+    let bootstrapped = false;
+    const bootstrapListeners = new Set<() => void>();
+    let stored: TestInstance[] = [
+      { id: 'legacy' },
+      { id: 'dead', tabId: 'deleted-tab' },
+    ];
+    const restored: TestInstance[][] = [];
+    const persisted: TestInstance[][] = [];
+    const loadInstances = vi.fn(async () => cloneInstances(stored));
+
+    const lifecycle = createPluginInstanceLifecycle<TestInstance>({
+      isBootstrapped: () => bootstrapped,
+      subscribeBootstrap: (listener) => {
+        bootstrapListeners.add(listener);
+        return () => bootstrapListeners.delete(listener);
+      },
+      loadInstances,
+      persistInstances: async (instances) => {
+        stored = cloneInstances(instances);
+        persisted.push(cloneInstances(instances));
+      },
+      getMemoryInstances: () => [],
+      releaseMemoryInstances: () => undefined,
+    });
+
+    const restorePromise = lifecycle.startRestore(
+      () => new Set(['4key']),
+      (instances) => restored.push(cloneInstances(instances)),
+    );
+
+    await Promise.resolve();
+    expect(loadInstances).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(restored).toEqual([]);
+
+    bootstrapped = true;
+    bootstrapListeners.forEach((listener) => listener());
+    await restorePromise;
+
+    expect(lifecycle.getReadiness()).toBe('ready');
+    expect(restored).toEqual([[{ id: 'legacy', tabId: '4key' }]]);
+    expect(persisted).toEqual([[{ id: 'legacy', tabId: '4key' }]]);
+    expect(stored).toEqual([{ id: 'legacy', tabId: '4key' }]);
+    expect(bootstrapListeners.size).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('복원 정리 저장 실패와 pending 외부 변경 flush를 분리한다', async () => {
+    const cleanupError = new Error('injected cleanup persist failure');
+    const warnSpy = vi
+      .spyOn(console, 'warn')
+      .mockImplementation(() => undefined);
+    const persisted: TestInstance[][] = [];
+    const persistInstances = vi.fn(async (instances: TestInstance[]) => {
+      persisted.push(cloneInstances(instances));
+      if (persisted.length === 1) throw cleanupError;
+    });
+    const restored: TestInstance[][] = [];
+    const barrier = createPluginInstanceSaveBarrier();
+    const lifecycle = createPluginInstanceLifecycle<TestInstance>({
+      isBootstrapped: () => true,
+      subscribeBootstrap: () => () => undefined,
+      loadInstances: async () => [
+        { id: 'live', tabId: '4key' },
+        { id: 'dead', tabId: 'deleted-tab' },
+      ],
+      persistInstances,
+      getMemoryInstances: () => [],
+      releaseMemoryInstances: () => undefined,
+    });
+
+    expect(barrier.shouldSave()).toBe(false);
+    await expect(
+      lifecycle.startRestore(
+        () => new Set(['4key']),
+        (instances) =>
+          barrier.runRestoreMutation(() => {
+            restored.push(cloneInstances(instances));
+          }),
+      ),
+    ).resolves.toBe('ready');
+
+    expect(restored).toEqual([[{ id: 'live', tabId: '4key' }]]);
+    expect(warnSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      '[Plugin] Failed to persist restored instance cleanup:',
+      cleanupError,
+    );
+    expect(barrier.finishRestoration()).toBe(true);
+
+    await lifecycle.saveInstances([{ id: 'external', tabId: '4key' }]);
+
+    expect(persisted).toEqual([
+      [{ id: 'live', tabId: '4key' }],
+      [{ id: 'external', tabId: '4key' }],
+    ]);
+    expect(persistInstances).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+  });
+
+  it('bootstrap 타임아웃 시 필터 없이 모든 인스턴스를 복원한다', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    const bootstrapListeners = new Set<() => void>();
+    const stored: TestInstance[] = [
+      { id: 'live', tabId: '4key' },
+      { id: 'dead', tabId: 'deleted-tab' },
+    ];
+    const restored: TestInstance[][] = [];
+    const persistInstances = vi.fn(async () => undefined);
+
+    const lifecycle = createPluginInstanceLifecycle<TestInstance>({
+      isBootstrapped: () => false,
+      subscribeBootstrap: (listener) => {
+        bootstrapListeners.add(listener);
+        return () => bootstrapListeners.delete(listener);
+      },
+      loadInstances: async () => cloneInstances(stored),
+      persistInstances,
+      getMemoryInstances: () => [],
+      releaseMemoryInstances: () => undefined,
+    });
+
+    const restorePromise = lifecycle.startRestore(
+      () => new Set(['4key']),
+      (instances) => restored.push(cloneInstances(instances)),
+    );
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(10_000);
+    await restorePromise;
+
+    expect(lifecycle.getReadiness()).toBe('failed');
+    expect(restored).toEqual([stored]);
+    expect(persistInstances).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(bootstrapListeners.size).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('실행 중 탭 삭제를 메모리와 storage에서 멱등 정리한다', async () => {
+    let memory = [
+      { fullId: 'plugin::live', tabId: '4key' },
+      { fullId: 'plugin::dead', tabId: 'deleted-tab' },
+    ];
+    let stored: TestInstance[] = [
+      { id: 'live', tabId: '4key' },
+      { id: 'dead', tabId: 'deleted-tab' },
+    ];
+    const releasedResources: string[] = [];
+    const persistInstances = vi.fn(async (instances: TestInstance[]) => {
+      stored = cloneInstances(instances);
+    });
+
+    const lifecycle = createPluginInstanceLifecycle<TestInstance>({
+      isBootstrapped: () => true,
+      subscribeBootstrap: () => () => undefined,
+      loadInstances: async () => cloneInstances(stored),
+      persistInstances,
+      getMemoryInstances: () => memory,
+      releaseMemoryInstances: (fullIds) => {
+        releasedResources.push(...fullIds);
+        const staleIds = new Set(fullIds);
+        memory = memory.filter((instance) => !staleIds.has(instance.fullId));
+      },
+    });
+
+    const validTabIds = new Set(['4key']);
+    const firstReconcile = lifecycle.reconcile(validTabIds);
+    expect(memory).toEqual([{ fullId: 'plugin::live', tabId: '4key' }]);
+    expect(releasedResources).toEqual(['plugin::dead']);
+    memory.push({ fullId: 'plugin::restored-dead', tabId: 'deleted-tab' });
+    await firstReconcile;
+    await lifecycle.reconcile(validTabIds);
+
+    expect(memory).toEqual([{ fullId: 'plugin::live', tabId: '4key' }]);
+    expect(stored).toEqual([{ id: 'live', tabId: '4key' }]);
+    expect(releasedResources).toEqual([
+      'plugin::dead',
+      'plugin::restored-dead',
+    ]);
+    expect(persistInstances).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it('saveInstances storage 쓰기를 직렬 실행한다', async () => {
+    const pendingWrites: Array<() => void> = [];
+    const startedWrites: string[] = [];
+    let activeWrites = 0;
+    let maxActiveWrites = 0;
+
+    const lifecycle = createPluginInstanceLifecycle<TestInstance>({
+      isBootstrapped: () => true,
+      subscribeBootstrap: () => () => undefined,
+      loadInstances: async () => [],
+      persistInstances: async (instances) => {
+        activeWrites += 1;
+        maxActiveWrites = Math.max(maxActiveWrites, activeWrites);
+        startedWrites.push(instances[0].id);
+        await new Promise<void>((resolve) => pendingWrites.push(resolve));
+        activeWrites -= 1;
+      },
+      getMemoryInstances: () => [],
+      releaseMemoryInstances: () => undefined,
+    });
+
+    const firstWrite = lifecycle.saveInstances([{ id: 'first' }]);
+    const secondWrite = lifecycle.saveInstances([{ id: 'second' }]);
+
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(startedWrites).toEqual(['first']));
+    pendingWrites.shift()?.();
+    await firstWrite;
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(startedWrites).toEqual(['first', 'second']));
+    pendingWrites.shift()?.();
+    await secondWrite;
+
+    expect(maxActiveWrites).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  it('dispose 후 큐에 남은 saveInstances 저장을 실행하지 않는다', async () => {
+    const persistInstances = vi.fn(async () => undefined);
+    const lifecycle = createPluginInstanceLifecycle<TestInstance>({
+      isBootstrapped: () => true,
+      subscribeBootstrap: () => () => undefined,
+      loadInstances: async () => [],
+      persistInstances,
+      getMemoryInstances: () => [],
+      releaseMemoryInstances: () => undefined,
+    });
+
+    const queuedSave = lifecycle.saveInstances([{ id: 'stale' }]);
+    lifecycle.dispose();
+    await queuedSave;
+
+    expect(persistInstances).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/renderer/plugins/runtime/displayElement/instanceLifecycle.ts b/src/renderer/plugins/runtime/displayElement/instanceLifecycle.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78abcd07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/plugins/runtime/displayElement/instanceLifecycle.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+export type PluginRestoreReadiness = 'pending' | 'ready' | 'failed';
+
+export interface PersistedPluginInstance {
+  tabId?: string;
+}
+
+interface RuntimePluginInstance {
+  fullId: string;
+  tabId?: string;
+}
+
+interface PluginInstanceLifecycleDependencies<
+  Instance extends PersistedPluginInstance,
+> {
+  isBootstrapped: () => boolean;
+  subscribeBootstrap: (listener: () => void) => () => void;
+  loadInstances: () => Promise<Instance[] | null>;
+  persistInstances: (instances: Instance[]) => Promise<void>;
+  getMemoryInstances: () => RuntimePluginInstance[];
+  releaseMemoryInstances: (fullIds: readonly string[]) => void;
+  timeoutMs?: number;
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_BOOTSTRAP_TIMEOUT_MS = 10_000;
+
+export const normalizePluginInstanceTabId = (tabId?: string) => tabId || '4key';
+
+export const createPluginInstanceSaveBarrier = () => {
+  let isRestoring = true;
+  let isApplyingRestore = false;
+  let hasPendingExternalChanges = false;
+
+  const shouldSave = () => {
+    if (!isRestoring) return true;
+    if (!isApplyingRestore) hasPendingExternalChanges = true;
+    return false;
+  };
+
+  const runRestoreMutation = <Result>(mutation: () => Result): Result => {
+    const wasApplyingRestore = isApplyingRestore;
+    isApplyingRestore = true;
+    try {
+      return mutation();
+    } finally {
+      isApplyingRestore = wasApplyingRestore;
+    }
+  };
+
+  const finishRestoration = () => {
+    isRestoring = false;
+    const shouldFlush = hasPendingExternalChanges;
+    hasPendingExternalChanges = false;
+    return shouldFlush;
+  };
+
+  const cancelRestoration = () => {
+    isRestoring = false;
+    hasPendingExternalChanges = false;
+  };
+
+  return {
+    cancelRestoration,
+    finishRestoration,
+    runRestoreMutation,
+    shouldSave,
+  };
+};
+
+const normalizeInstances = <Instance extends PersistedPluginInstance>(
+  instances: readonly Instance[],
+): Instance[] =>
+  instances.map((instance) => ({
+    ...instance,
+    tabId: normalizePluginInstanceTabId(instance.tabId),
+  }));
+
+export const createPluginInstanceLifecycle = <
+  Instance extends PersistedPluginInstance,
+>(
+  dependencies: PluginInstanceLifecycleDependencies<Instance>,
+) => {
+  const {
+    isBootstrapped,
+    subscribeBootstrap,
+    loadInstances,
+    persistInstances,
+    getMemoryInstances,
+    releaseMemoryInstances,
+    timeoutMs = DEFAULT_BOOTSTRAP_TIMEOUT_MS,
+  } = dependencies;
+
+  let readiness: PluginRestoreReadiness = 'pending';
+  let disposed = false;
+  let bootstrapUnsubscribe: (() => void) | null = null;
+  let bootstrapTimeout: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
+  let storageTail: Promise<void> = Promise.resolve();
+  let restorePromise: Promise<PluginRestoreReadiness> | null = null;
+  let resolveRestore: ((state: PluginRestoreReadiness) => void) | null = null;
+  let rejectRestore: ((reason: unknown) => void) | null = null;
+
+  const enqueueStorageTask = <Result>(
+    task: () => Promise<Result>,
+  ): Promise<Result> => {
+    const result = storageTail.then(
+      () => task(),
+      () => task(),
+    );
+    storageTail = result.then(
+      () => undefined,
+      () => undefined,
+    );
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  const clearBootstrapWait = () => {
+    bootstrapUnsubscribe?.();
+    bootstrapUnsubscribe = null;
+    if (bootstrapTimeout !== null) {
+      clearTimeout(bootstrapTimeout);
+      bootstrapTimeout = null;
+    }
+  };
+
+  const saveInstances = (instances: readonly Instance[]) => {
+    if (disposed) return Promise.resolve();
+    const normalized = normalizeInstances(instances);
+    return enqueueStorageTask(async () => {
+      if (disposed) return;
+      await persistInstances(normalized);
+    });
+  };
+
+  const releaseStaleMemoryInstances = (validTabIds: ReadonlySet<string>) => {
+    const staleFullIds = getMemoryInstances()
+      .filter(
+        (instance) =>
+          !validTabIds.has(normalizePluginInstanceTabId(instance.tabId)),
+      )
+      .map((instance) => instance.fullId);
+    if (staleFullIds.length > 0) {
+      releaseMemoryInstances(staleFullIds);
+    }
+  };
+
+  const reconcile = (validTabIds: ReadonlySet<string>) => {
+    if (disposed) return Promise.resolve();
+
+    releaseStaleMemoryInstances(validTabIds);
+
+    return enqueueStorageTask(async () => {
+      if (disposed) return;
+      releaseStaleMemoryInstances(validTabIds);
+      const stored = await loadInstances();
+      if (disposed || !Array.isArray(stored)) return;
+
+      const normalized = normalizeInstances(stored);
+      const liveInstances = normalized.filter((instance) =>
+        validTabIds.has(normalizePluginInstanceTabId(instance.tabId)),
+      );
+      const needsPersist =
+        liveInstances.length !== stored.length ||
+        stored.some(
+          (instance, index) => instance.tabId !== normalized[index]?.tabId,
+        );
+
+      if (needsPersist) {
+        await persistInstances(liveInstances);
+      }
+    });
+  };
+
+  const startRestore = (
+    validTabIds: () => ReadonlySet<string>,
+    restoreInstances: (
+      instances: Instance[],
+      state: Exclude<PluginRestoreReadiness, 'pending'>,
+    ) => void,
+  ): Promise<PluginRestoreReadiness> => {
+    if (restorePromise) return restorePromise;
+
+    restorePromise = new Promise<PluginRestoreReadiness>((resolve, reject) => {
+      resolveRestore = resolve;
+      rejectRestore = reject;
+    });
+
+    const settle = (
+      nextReadiness: Exclude<PluginRestoreReadiness, 'pending'>,
+    ) => {
+      if (disposed || readiness !== 'pending') return;
+      readiness = nextReadiness;
+      clearBootstrapWait();
+
+      void enqueueStorageTask(async () => {
+        const stored = await loadInstances();
+        if (disposed || !Array.isArray(stored)) return;
+
+        const normalized = normalizeInstances(stored);
+        const instancesToRestore =
+          nextReadiness === 'ready'
+            ? normalized.filter((instance) =>
+                validTabIds().has(normalizePluginInstanceTabId(instance.tabId)),
+              )
+            : normalized;
+
+        restoreInstances(instancesToRestore, nextReadiness);
+
+        if (
+          nextReadiness === 'ready' &&
+          (instancesToRestore.length !== stored.length ||
+            stored.some(
+              (instance, index) => instance.tabId !== normalized[index]?.tabId,
+            ))
+        ) {
+          try {
+            await persistInstances(instancesToRestore);
+          } catch (error) {
+            console.warn(
+              '[Plugin] Failed to persist restored instance cleanup:',
+              error,
+            );
+          }
+        }
+      }).then(
+        () => resolveRestore?.(nextReadiness),
+        (error) => rejectRestore?.(error),
+      );
+    };
+
+    if (isBootstrapped()) {
+      settle('ready');
+    } else {
+      bootstrapUnsubscribe = subscribeBootstrap(() => {
+        if (isBootstrapped()) settle('ready');
+      });
+
+      if (isBootstrapped()) {
+        settle('ready');
+      } else {
+        bootstrapTimeout = setTimeout(() => {
+          settle('failed');
+        }, timeoutMs);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return restorePromise;
+  };
+
+  const dispose = () => {
+    if (disposed) return;
+    disposed = true;
+    clearBootstrapWait();
+    if (readiness === 'pending') {
+      resolveRestore?.('pending');
+    }
+  };
+
+  return {
+    dispose,
+    getReadiness: () => readiness,
+    reconcile,
+    saveInstances,
+    startRestore,
+  };
+};
diff --git a/src/renderer/stores/data/useKeyStore.test.ts b/src/renderer/stores/data/useKeyStore.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69b99a36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/stores/data/useKeyStore.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { useKeyStore } from './useKeyStore';
+
+interface Deferred<T> {
+  promise: Promise<T>;
+  resolve: (value: T) => void;
+  reject: (reason?: unknown) => void;
+}
+
+const deferred = <T>(): Deferred<T> => {
+  let resolve!: (value: T) => void;
+  let reject!: (reason?: unknown) => void;
+  const promise = new Promise<T>((nextResolve, nextReject) => {
+    resolve = nextResolve;
+    reject = nextReject;
+  });
+  return { promise, resolve, reject };
+};
+
+const flushPromises = () => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+
+describe('useKeyStore mode synchronization', () => {
+  const setMode = vi.fn();
+  const bootstrap = vi.fn();
+  const originalApi = window.api;
+  const originalRuntime = window.__dmn_runtime;
+  const originalWindowType = window.__dmn_window_type;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => undefined);
+    setMode.mockReset();
+    bootstrap.mockReset();
+    window.__dmn_runtime = 'tauri';
+    window.__dmn_window_type = 'main';
+    window.api = {
+      keys: { setMode },
+      app: { bootstrap },
+    } as unknown as Window['api'];
+    useKeyStore.setState({
+      selectedKeyType: '8key',
+      isBootstrapped: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.restoreAllMocks();
+    window.api = originalApi;
+    if (originalRuntime === undefined) delete window.__dmn_runtime;
+    else window.__dmn_runtime = originalRuntime;
+    if (originalWindowType === undefined) delete window.__dmn_window_type;
+    else window.__dmn_window_type = originalWindowType;
+  });
+
+  it('rolls back an invalid request to the authoritative response mode', async () => {
+    setMode.mockResolvedValue({ success: false, mode: '8key' });
+
+    useKeyStore.getState().setSelectedKeyType('ghost');
+    expect(useKeyStore.getState().selectedKeyType).toBe('ghost');
+    await flushPromises();
+
+    expect(useKeyStore.getState().selectedKeyType).toBe('8key');
+  });
+
+  it('reconciles a rejected native request from bootstrap', async () => {
+    setMode.mockRejectedValue(new Error('injected persist failure'));
+    bootstrap.mockResolvedValue({ selectedKeyType: '8key' });
+
+    useKeyStore.getState().setSelectedKeyType('4key');
+    await flushPromises();
+    await flushPromises();
+
+    expect(bootstrap).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+    expect(useKeyStore.getState().selectedKeyType).toBe('8key');
+  });
+
+  it('does not let an older response overwrite a newer request', async () => {
+    const first = deferred<{ success: boolean; mode: string }>();
+    const second = deferred<{ success: boolean; mode: string }>();
+    setMode
+      .mockReturnValueOnce(first.promise)
+      .mockReturnValueOnce(second.promise);
+
+    useKeyStore.getState().setSelectedKeyType('4key');
+    useKeyStore.getState().setSelectedKeyType('5key');
+    first.resolve({ success: false, mode: '8key' });
+    await flushPromises();
+
+    expect(useKeyStore.getState().selectedKeyType).toBe('5key');
+    second.resolve({ success: true, mode: '5key' });
+    await flushPromises();
+    expect(useKeyStore.getState().selectedKeyType).toBe('5key');
+  });
+
+  it('does not let an older rejection reconciliation overwrite a newer request', async () => {
+    const first = deferred<{ success: boolean; mode: string }>();
+    const second = deferred<{ success: boolean; mode: string }>();
+    const authoritative = deferred<{ selectedKeyType: string }>();
+    setMode
+      .mockReturnValueOnce(first.promise)
+      .mockReturnValueOnce(second.promise);
+    bootstrap.mockReturnValue(authoritative.promise);
+
+    useKeyStore.getState().setSelectedKeyType('4key');
+    first.reject(new Error('injected persist failure'));
+    await flushPromises();
+    useKeyStore.getState().setSelectedKeyType('5key');
+    authoritative.resolve({ selectedKeyType: '8key' });
+    await flushPromises();
+
+    expect(useKeyStore.getState().selectedKeyType).toBe('5key');
+    second.resolve({ success: true, mode: '5key' });
+    await flushPromises();
+  });
+
+  it('guards against an A-B-A response race with a request generation', async () => {
+    const firstA = deferred<{ success: boolean; mode: string }>();
+    const middleB = deferred<{ success: boolean; mode: string }>();
+    const latestA = deferred<{ success: boolean; mode: string }>();
+    setMode
+      .mockReturnValueOnce(firstA.promise)
+      .mockReturnValueOnce(middleB.promise)
+      .mockReturnValueOnce(latestA.promise);
+
+    useKeyStore.getState().setSelectedKeyType('4key');
+    useKeyStore.getState().setSelectedKeyType('5key');
+    useKeyStore.getState().setSelectedKeyType('4key');
+    firstA.resolve({ success: false, mode: '8key' });
+    await flushPromises();
+
+    expect(useKeyStore.getState().selectedKeyType).toBe('4key');
+    middleB.resolve({ success: true, mode: '5key' });
+    latestA.resolve({ success: true, mode: '4key' });
+    await flushPromises();
+  });
+
+  it('keeps OBS mode changes local without invoking the blocked command', async () => {
+    window.__dmn_runtime = 'obs';
+    window.__dmn_window_type = 'overlay';
+
+    useKeyStore.getState().setSelectedKeyType('4key');
+    await flushPromises();
+
+    expect(useKeyStore.getState().selectedKeyType).toBe('4key');
+    expect(setMode).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(bootstrap).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it('reconciles failures in the native overlay as well as the main window', async () => {
+    window.__dmn_window_type = 'overlay';
+    setMode.mockRejectedValue(new Error('injected persist failure'));
+    bootstrap.mockResolvedValue({ selectedKeyType: '8key' });
+
+    useKeyStore.getState().setSelectedKeyType('4key');
+    await flushPromises();
+    await flushPromises();
+
+    expect(useKeyStore.getState().selectedKeyType).toBe('8key');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/renderer/stores/data/useKeyStore.ts b/src/renderer/stores/data/useKeyStore.ts
index d22dcdd8..8ebdb355 100644
--- a/src/renderer/stores/data/useKeyStore.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/stores/data/useKeyStore.ts
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ interface KeyStoreState {
   setLocalUpdateInProgress: (value: boolean) => void;
 }
 
+let modeRequestGeneration = 0;
+
 export const useKeyStore = create<KeyStoreState>((set, get) => ({
   selectedKeyType: '4key',
   customTabs: [],
@@ -30,11 +32,42 @@ export const useKeyStore = create<KeyStoreState>((set, get) => ({
   isLocalUpdateInProgress: false,
   setSelectedKeyType: (mode) => {
     set({ selectedKeyType: mode });
-    if (get().isBootstrapped && typeof window !== 'undefined') {
-      window.api.keys.setMode(mode).catch((error) => {
+    if (
+      !get().isBootstrapped ||
+      typeof window === 'undefined' ||
+      window.__dmn_runtime === 'obs'
+    ) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const generation = ++modeRequestGeneration;
+    void window.api.keys
+      .setMode(mode)
+      .then((response) => {
+        if (
+          generation !== modeRequestGeneration ||
+          get().selectedKeyType !== mode
+        ) {
+          return;
+        }
+        if (!response.success || response.mode !== mode) {
+          set({ selectedKeyType: response.mode });
+        }
+      })
+      .catch(async (error) => {
         console.error('Failed to set key mode', error);
+        try {
+          const authoritative = await window.api.app.bootstrap();
+          if (
+            generation === modeRequestGeneration &&
+            get().selectedKeyType === mode
+          ) {
+            set({ selectedKeyType: authoritative.selectedKeyType });
+          }
+        } catch (bootstrapError) {
+          console.error('Failed to reconcile key mode', bootstrapError);
+        }
       });
-    }
   },
   setCustomTabs: (tabs) => set({ customTabs: tabs }),
   setKeyMappings: (mappings) => set({ keyMappings: mappings }),
diff --git a/src/renderer/stores/useFontStore.ts b/src/renderer/stores/useFontStore.ts
index fa9c4196..cdbf7595 100644
--- a/src/renderer/stores/useFontStore.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/stores/useFontStore.ts
@@ -168,30 +168,9 @@ export function syncFontCSS(): void {
     }
   });
 
-  // 폰트 피커 열기 및 폰트 적용 시 FOUT 최소화를 위한 폰트 사전 로드
-  void preloadFontFaces(fonts.map((font) => font.name));
-}
-
-const loadedFontFamilies = new Set<string>();
-
-async function preloadFontFaces(families: Array<string | undefined | null>) {
-  if (typeof document === 'undefined') return;
-  if (!('fonts' in document)) return;
-  const fontSet = (document as Document & { fonts: FontFaceSet }).fonts;
-  const pending = families
-    .filter((name): name is string => !!name && !loadedFontFamilies.has(name))
-    .map((name) =>
-      fontSet
-        .load(`16px "${name}"`)
-        .then(() => {
-          loadedFontFamilies.add(name);
-        })
-        .catch(() => {}),
-    );
-
-  if (pending.length) {
-    await Promise.all(pending);
-  }
+  // 전 폰트 강제 preload 금지 — enabled 폰트 전체를 즉시 디코드하면
+  // 미사용 대형 폰트 하나로도 상주 메모리가 수십 MB 증가한다 (실측 +111MB).
+  // 실제 참조되는 폰트는 브라우저가 사용 시점에 로드하고 FontPicker도 열 때 자연 로드한다.
 }
 
 // 모든 활성화된 폰트 CSS를 로드하는 함수
diff --git a/src/renderer/styles/global.css b/src/renderer/styles/global.css
index 4cfe9bc9..ab9b700b 100644
--- a/src/renderer/styles/global.css
+++ b/src/renderer/styles/global.css
@@ -12,6 +12,17 @@
   font-display: swap;
 }
 
+/* 'Pretendard' 로컬 alias — 저장 데이터·프리셋에 남은 비가변 family 참조를
+   동일 가변 파일로 해석 (구 CDN 내장 폰트 제거 대체, 오프라인 동작 보장) */
+@font-face {
+  font-family: 'Pretendard';
+  src: url('../assets/fonts/PretendardVariable.woff2')
+    format('woff2-variations');
+  font-weight: 45 920;
+  font-style: normal;
+  font-display: swap;
+}
+
 :root {
   font-family: 'Pretendard Variable', 'Pretendard', -apple-system,
     BlinkMacSystemFont, system-ui, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;
diff --git a/src/renderer/styles/main.css b/src/renderer/styles/main.css
index 40bb3bf5..ec8471bd 100644
--- a/src/renderer/styles/main.css
+++ b/src/renderer/styles/main.css
@@ -53,6 +53,30 @@ body.dmn-custom-cursor * {
   pointer-events: none;
 }
 
+/* 투명도 축소 설정 존중 — 남는 라이브 글래스(모달 카드·팝오버)를 고알파 솔리드로 강등
+   틴트 토큰만 요소 스코프에서 승격해 라운딩·인셋 링 재질은 그대로 유지 */
+@media (prefers-reduced-transparency: reduce) {
+  .backdrop-glass,
+  .backdrop-glass-popup {
+    -webkit-backdrop-filter: none;
+    backdrop-filter: none;
+    --ui-glass: rgba(14, 14, 17, 0.96);
+    --ui-glass-heavy: rgba(14, 14, 17, 0.96);
+    --ui-glass-dim: rgba(12, 12, 14, 0.94);
+  }
+
+  /* 루미노시티 캡은 블러 없는 표면에서 무의미 — 블렌드 패스도 함께 제거 */
+  .backdrop-glass::after,
+  .backdrop-glass-popup::after {
+    content: none;
+  }
+
+  /* backdrop 클래스 없는 글래스 틴트 사용처(패널 토글 칩)도 동일 승격 */
+  .bg-glass-panel {
+    --ui-glass-panel: rgba(14, 14, 17, 0.96);
+  }
+}
+
 /* ===== 스크롤바 ===== */
 
 .listpopup-scroll {
@@ -142,37 +166,6 @@ body.dmn-custom-cursor * {
 
 /* ===== 등장 모션 ===== */
 
-/* 화면 전환 (캔버스 ↔ 설정) */
-@keyframes viewEnter {
-  from {
-    opacity: 0;
-    transform: translateY(4px);
-  }
-
-  to {
-    opacity: 1;
-    transform: none;
-  }
-}
-
-.view-enter {
-  animation: viewEnter var(--ui-duration-base) var(--ui-ease-out);
-}
-
-@keyframes viewFade {
-  from {
-    opacity: 0;
-  }
-
-  to {
-    opacity: 1;
-  }
-}
-
-.view-fade {
-  animation: viewFade var(--ui-duration-base) var(--ui-ease-out);
-}
-
 /* 패널 페이지 전환 — side-by-side push. 두 페이지가 absolute로 겹치고
    활성 페이지만 보임. 루트는 왼쪽으로, 서브 페이지는 오른쪽으로 exit */
 .dmn-panel-page {
@@ -185,10 +178,18 @@ body.dmn-custom-cursor * {
     filter var(--ui-duration-page) var(--ui-ease-page);
 }
 
+/* 퇴장 완료 후 페인트 제외 — visibility만 duration만큼 지연 플립.
+   숨김 확정 뒤엔 페인트 대상이 아니라 상주 blur가 프레임 비용으로 남지 않음.
+   입장은 베이스 transition에 visibility가 없어 즉시 visible */
 .dmn-panel-page[data-active='false'] {
   opacity: 0;
   pointer-events: none;
   filter: blur(var(--ui-page-blur));
+  visibility: hidden;
+  transition: opacity var(--ui-duration-page) var(--ui-ease-page),
+    transform var(--ui-duration-page) var(--ui-ease-page),
+    filter var(--ui-duration-page) var(--ui-ease-page),
+    visibility 0s linear var(--ui-duration-page);
 }
 
 .dmn-panel-page[data-page-depth='root'][data-active='false'] {
@@ -315,24 +316,11 @@ body.dmn-custom-cursor * {
   animation: modalScale var(--ui-duration-base) var(--ui-ease-out) both;
 }
 
-/* 전면 시트 — 타이틀바에서 내려앉는 등장, 종료 상태는 클래스 자연값 */
-@keyframes modalSheet {
-  from {
-    transform: translateY(-8px);
-    opacity: 0;
-  }
-}
-
-.animate-modal-sheet > * {
-  animation: modalSheet var(--ui-duration-base) var(--ui-ease-out) both;
-}
-
-/* 틴트와 블러를 한 키프레임에서 보간 — 종료 상태는 클래스 자연값 */
+/* 스크림 틴트만 보간 — 종료 상태는 클래스 자연값
+   backdrop-filter 보간 금지: 애니메이션 내내 풀스크린 재필터 (Windows 렉) */
 @keyframes modalScrim {
   from {
     background-color: transparent;
-    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(0px);
-    backdrop-filter: blur(0px);
   }
 }
 
@@ -515,15 +503,14 @@ body.dmn-custom-cursor * {
 @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
   .tooltip-fade-in,
   .animate-modal-scale > *,
-  .animate-modal-sheet > *,
   .animate-modal-scrim,
-  .animate-pulse,
-  .view-enter,
-  .view-fade {
+  .animate-pulse {
     animation: none;
   }
 
-  .dmn-panel-page {
+  /* 비활성 상태 셀렉터가 자체 transition을 가지므로 같은 특이도로 함께 무효화 */
+  .dmn-panel-page,
+  .dmn-panel-page[data-active='false'] {
     transition: none;
   }
 
diff --git a/src/renderer/styles/tokens.css b/src/renderer/styles/tokens.css
index db34468a..2f803262 100644
--- a/src/renderer/styles/tokens.css
+++ b/src/renderer/styles/tokens.css
@@ -23,6 +23,11 @@
   --ui-glass-dim: rgba(12, 12, 14, 0.6);
   /* 사이드 패널용 */
   --ui-glass-panel: rgba(14, 14, 17, 0.78);
+  /* 상주 크롬 솔리드 — 사이드 패널·미니맵처럼 상시 떠 있는 표면은 라이브 블러 대신
+     고알파 틴트로 근사 (Windows에서 backdrop-filter가 매 프레임 면적 비례 재필터)
+     알파가 유일한 다이얼: 낮출수록 배경 투과 ↑, 글래스 질감은 인셋 링+하이라이트가 유지 */
+  --ui-glass-panel-solid: rgba(14, 14, 17, 0.96);
+  --ui-glass-dim-solid: rgba(12, 12, 14, 0.94);
   /* 글래스 백드롭 클램프 — 틴트 전에 배경 밝기를 누르고, 죽은 채도는 보상
      dim ↓ = 밝은 배경 투과 억제 (어두운 배경에선 변화 미미) / sat = 색기운 유지량 */
   --ui-glass-backdrop-dim: 0.3;
diff --git a/src/renderer/utils/core/keyEventBus.ts b/src/renderer/utils/core/keyEventBus.ts
index 54c1772e..873c29c5 100644
--- a/src/renderer/utils/core/keyEventBus.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/utils/core/keyEventBus.ts
@@ -14,17 +14,16 @@ type KeyEventListener = (payload: KeyStatePayload) => void;
 
 class KeyEventBus {
   private listeners: Set<KeyEventListener> = new Set();
-  private initialized = false;
+  private initializationPromise: Promise<void> | null = null;
 
   /**
    * 백엔드 키 이벤트 구독 초기화 (한 번만 호출)
    */
-  initialize() {
-    if (this.initialized) return;
-    this.initialized = true;
+  initialize(): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.initializationPromise) return this.initializationPromise;
 
     // 백엔드에서 한 번만 구독
-    window.api.keys.onKeyState((payload) => {
+    const subscription = window.api.keys.onKeyState((payload) => {
       // 모든 리스너에게 브로드캐스트
       this.listeners.forEach((listener) => {
         try {
@@ -34,6 +33,16 @@ class KeyEventBus {
         }
       });
     });
+
+    const initialization = subscription.ready.catch((error) => {
+      if (this.initializationPromise === initialization) {
+        this.initializationPromise = null;
+      }
+      throw error;
+    });
+
+    this.initializationPromise = initialization;
+    return initialization;
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/renderer/windows/main/App.tsx b/src/renderer/windows/main/App.tsx
index 46aa0858..e0a3fa73 100644
--- a/src/renderer/windows/main/App.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/windows/main/App.tsx
@@ -650,12 +650,12 @@ export default function App() {
       <TitleBar />
       <div className="flex-1 bg-panel overflow-hidden flex">
         {isSettingsOpen ? (
-          <div className="h-full w-full overflow-y-auto view-enter">
+          <div className="h-full w-full overflow-y-auto">
             <SettingTab showAlert={showAlert} showConfirm={showConfirm} />
           </div>
         ) : (
           <div
-            className="flex-1 h-full overflow-hidden relative view-fade"
+            className="flex-1 h-full overflow-hidden relative"
             onMouseEnter={() => setGridAreaHovered(true)}
             onMouseLeave={() => setGridAreaHovered(false)}
           >
@@ -757,6 +757,7 @@ export default function App() {
       {palette && (
         <FloatingPopup
           open={palette}
+          ariaLabel={t('tooltip.palette')}
           referenceRef={primaryButtonRef}
           placement="top"
           offset={25}
diff --git a/src/renderer/windows/main/index.tsx b/src/renderer/windows/main/index.tsx
index ebb88e40..8c173d1d 100644
--- a/src/renderer/windows/main/index.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/windows/main/index.tsx
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import '@styles/global.css';
 import '@styles/main.css';
 
 window.__dmn_window_type = 'main';
+window.__dmn_runtime = 'tauri';
 
 const container = document.getElementById('root');
 if (!container) throw new Error('Root container not found');
diff --git a/src/renderer/windows/obs/index.tsx b/src/renderer/windows/obs/index.tsx
index 57a6feb2..8b2ad8c2 100644
--- a/src/renderer/windows/obs/index.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/windows/obs/index.tsx
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ async function bootstrap() {
 
     // 3. OBS 윈도우 타입 표시
     window.__dmn_window_type = 'overlay';
+    window.__dmn_runtime = 'obs';
 
     // 4. overlay/App.tsx를 I18nProvider로 래핑하여 렌더
     const { I18nProvider } = await import('@contexts/I18nContext');
diff --git a/src/renderer/windows/overlay/App.tsx b/src/renderer/windows/overlay/App.tsx
index 136a3183..52a37deb 100644
--- a/src/renderer/windows/overlay/App.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/windows/overlay/App.tsx
@@ -452,62 +452,95 @@ export default function App() {
       timerEntry.timers.add(timer);
     };
 
-    // 키 이벤트 버스 초기화 (백엔드에서 한 번만 구독)
-    import('@utils/core/keyEventBus').then(({ keyEventBus }) => {
-      keyEventBus.initialize();
-    });
-
     // HID 축 이벤트 버스 초기화 (input:axis 구독 → axisSignals 누적)
     import('@utils/core/axisEventBus').then(({ axisEventBus }) => {
       axisEventBus.initialize();
     });
 
-    // 버스를 통해 키 이벤트 수신
+    let hydrationCancelled = false;
+    const seenHydrationKeys = new Set<string>();
+
+    // 키 이벤트 구독을 먼저 확립한 뒤 눌림 스냅샷 요청
     const unsubscribe = import('@utils/core/keyEventBus').then(
-      ({ keyEventBus }) => {
-        return keyEventBus.subscribe(({ key, state, eventAgeMs }) => {
-          const isDown = state === 'DOWN';
-          // 키 UI 업데이트 (딜레이 적용)
-          updateKeySignalWithDelay(key, isDown);
-          // 노트 이펙트는 즉시 처리 (딜레이 없음)
-          if (noteEffect) {
-            // 개별 키의 noteEffectEnabled 확인
-            const currentKeys = keyMappings[selectedKeyType] ?? [];
-            const currentPositions = positions[selectedKeyType] ?? [];
-            const keyIndex = currentKeys.indexOf(key);
-            const keyPosition = currentPositions[keyIndex];
-            const keyNoteEffectEnabled =
-              keyPosition?.noteEffectEnabled !== false;
-
-            if (keyNoteEffectEnabled) {
-              // 실제 입력 시각을 복원해 노트 시작 위치를 보정 (프레임 양자화 방지).
-              // requestAnimationFrame 래핑 시 노트 생성 시각이 프레임 경계로 양자화돼
-              // 주사율/OBS fps에 시간 해상도가 종속되던 문제 해결.
-              // age는 0~MAX_EVENT_AGE_MS로 clamp — 백엔드 stall/클럭 이상 시 노트가
-              // 화면 위로 튀는 것을 방지
-              const age = Math.min(
-                Math.max(eventAgeMs ?? 0, 0),
-                MAX_EVENT_AGE_MS,
-              );
-              const inputTime = performance.now() - age;
-              if (isDown) handleKeyDown(key, inputTime);
-              else handleKeyUp(key, inputTime);
+      async ({ keyEventBus }) => {
+        if (hydrationCancelled) return undefined;
+        const unsubscribeKeyEvents = keyEventBus.subscribe(
+          ({ key, state, eventAgeMs }) => {
+            seenHydrationKeys.add(key);
+            const isDown = state === 'DOWN';
+            // 키 UI 업데이트 (딜레이 적용)
+            updateKeySignalWithDelay(key, isDown);
+            // 노트 이펙트는 즉시 처리 (딜레이 없음)
+            if (noteEffect) {
+              // 개별 키의 noteEffectEnabled 확인
+              const currentKeys = keyMappings[selectedKeyType] ?? [];
+              const currentPositions = positions[selectedKeyType] ?? [];
+              const keyIndex = currentKeys.indexOf(key);
+              const keyPosition = currentPositions[keyIndex];
+              const keyNoteEffectEnabled =
+                keyPosition?.noteEffectEnabled !== false;
+
+              if (keyNoteEffectEnabled) {
+                // 실제 입력 시각을 복원해 노트 시작 위치를 보정 (프레임 양자화 방지).
+                // requestAnimationFrame 래핑 시 노트 생성 시각이 프레임 경계로 양자화돼
+                // 주사율/OBS fps에 시간 해상도가 종속되던 문제 해결.
+                // age는 0~MAX_EVENT_AGE_MS로 clamp — 백엔드 stall/클럭 이상 시 노트가
+                // 화면 위로 튀는 것을 방지
+                const age = Math.min(
+                  Math.max(eventAgeMs ?? 0, 0),
+                  MAX_EVENT_AGE_MS,
+                );
+                const inputTime = performance.now() - age;
+                if (isDown) handleKeyDown(key, inputTime);
+                else handleKeyUp(key, inputTime);
+              }
             }
-          }
-        });
+          },
+        );
+
+        try {
+          await keyEventBus.initialize();
+        } catch (error) {
+          unsubscribeKeyEvents();
+          throw error;
+        }
+
+        if (hydrationCancelled) return unsubscribeKeyEvents;
+
+        // 지연 생성된 오버레이 hydration — 구독 이후 이벤트가 온 키는
+        // 최신 이벤트가 스냅샷보다 우선하며 KPS·노트 통계에는 반영하지 않음
+        void window.api.app
+          .bootstrap()
+          .then(({ activeKeys }) => {
+            if (hydrationCancelled || !activeKeys?.length) return;
+            for (const key of activeKeys) {
+              if (!seenHydrationKeys.has(key)) {
+                setKeyActiveSignal(key, true);
+              }
+            }
+          })
+          .catch(() => {});
+
+        return unsubscribeKeyEvents;
       },
     );
+    void unsubscribe.catch((error) => {
+      console.error('Failed to initialize key state listener', error);
+    });
 
     const keyDelayTimers = keyDelayTimersRef.current;
 
     return () => {
-      unsubscribe.then((unsub) => {
-        try {
-          unsub?.();
-        } catch (error) {
-          console.error('Failed to remove key state listener', error);
-        }
-      });
+      hydrationCancelled = true;
+      void unsubscribe
+        .then((unsub) => {
+          try {
+            unsub?.();
+          } catch (error) {
+            console.error('Failed to remove key state listener', error);
+          }
+        })
+        .catch(() => undefined);
       // 키 딜레이 타이머 정리
       keyDelayTimers.forEach((timerEntry) => {
         timerEntry.timers.forEach((timer) => clearTimeout(timer));
diff --git a/src/renderer/windows/overlay/index.tsx b/src/renderer/windows/overlay/index.tsx
index 63b5f78f..1c16414f 100644
--- a/src/renderer/windows/overlay/index.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/windows/overlay/index.tsx
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import '@styles/tokens.css';
 import '@styles/global.css';
 
 window.__dmn_window_type = 'overlay';
+window.__dmn_runtime = 'tauri';
 
 async function bootstrap() {
   try {
diff --git a/src/types/app.ts b/src/types/app.ts
index cc30566c..73c7b373 100644
--- a/src/types/app.ts
+++ b/src/types/app.ts
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ export interface BootstrapPayload {
   customTabs: CustomTab[];
   selectedKeyType: string;
   currentMode: string;
+  // 부트스트랩 시점에 눌려 있던 키 (오버레이 지연 생성 시 DOWN 상태 복원용)
+  activeKeys: string[];
   overlay: {
     visible: boolean;
     locked: boolean;
diff --git a/src/types/electron.d.ts b/src/types/electron.d.ts
index c9302acb..3df738c8 100644
--- a/src/types/electron.d.ts
+++ b/src/types/electron.d.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ declare global {
     api: DMNoteAPI;
     __dmn_isKeyListening?: boolean;
     __dmn_window_type?: 'main' | 'overlay';
+    __dmn_runtime?: 'tauri' | 'obs';
     __dmn_current_plugin_id?: string;
     __dmn_current_locale?: string;
     __dmn_showAlert?: (
diff --git a/src/types/plugin/api.ts b/src/types/plugin/api.ts
index 4ba3c3ef..589e54a1 100644
--- a/src/types/plugin/api.ts
+++ b/src/types/plugin/api.ts
@@ -708,6 +708,10 @@ export type PluginDisplayElementConfig = Omit<PluginDisplayElement, 'id'> & {
 
 export type Unsubscribe = () => void;
 
+export type ReadyUnsubscribe = Unsubscribe & {
+  ready: Promise<void>;
+};
+
 // UI Components Options
 export interface ButtonOptions {
   variant?: 'primary' | 'danger' | 'secondary';
@@ -781,6 +785,10 @@ export interface DMNoteAPI {
     get(): Promise<KeyMappings>;
     getCounters(): Promise<KeyCounters>;
     update(mappings: KeyMappings): Promise<KeyMappings>;
+    updateWithPositions(
+      mappings: KeyMappings,
+      positions: KeyPositions,
+    ): Promise<{ keys: KeyMappings; positions: KeyPositions }>;
     getPositions(): Promise<KeyPositions>;
     updatePositions(positions: KeyPositions): Promise<KeyPositions>;
     setMode(mode: string): Promise<KeysModeResponse>;
@@ -792,7 +800,7 @@ export interface DMNoteAPI {
       listener: (positions: KeyPositions) => void,
     ): Unsubscribe;
     onModeChanged(listener: (payload: ModeChangePayload) => void): Unsubscribe;
-    onKeyState(listener: (payload: KeyStatePayload) => void): Unsubscribe;
+    onKeyState(listener: (payload: KeyStatePayload) => void): ReadyUnsubscribe;
     onRawInput(listener: (payload: RawInputPayload) => void): Unsubscribe;
     resetCounters(): Promise<KeyCounters>;
     resetCountersMode(mode: string): Promise<KeyCounters>;
diff --git a/src/types/settings/fonts.ts b/src/types/settings/fonts.ts
index 5ff1b430..72abda1e 100644
--- a/src/types/settings/fonts.ts
+++ b/src/types/settings/fonts.ts
@@ -76,19 +76,6 @@ export const BUILTIN_FONTS: CustomFont[] = [
   src: url('https://fastly.jsdelivr.net/gh/projectnoonnu/noonfonts_suit@1.0/SUIT-Regular.woff2') format('woff2');
   font-weight: normal;
   font-style: normal;
-}`,
-  },
-  {
-    id: 'pretendard',
-    type: 'builtin',
-    name: 'Pretendard',
-    displayName: 'Pretendard',
-    enabled: true,
-    cssContent: `@font-face {
-  font-family: 'Pretendard';
-  src: url('https://fastly.jsdelivr.net/gh/Project-Noonnu/noonfonts_2107@1.1/Pretendard-Regular.woff') format('woff');
-  font-weight: 400;
-  font-style: normal;
 }`,
   },
   {
diff --git a/tailwind.config.js b/tailwind.config.js
index dbdad48d..0879ff25 100644
--- a/tailwind.config.js
+++ b/tailwind.config.js
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ module.exports = {
         'glass-heavy': 'var(--ui-glass-heavy)',
         'glass-dim': 'var(--ui-glass-dim)',
         'glass-panel': 'var(--ui-glass-panel)',
+        'glass-panel-solid': 'var(--ui-glass-panel-solid)',
+        'glass-dim-solid': 'var(--ui-glass-dim-solid)',
         line: {
           DEFAULT: 'var(--ui-line)',
           strong: 'var(--ui-line-strong)',